The Civil War

1. The Civil War 1861-1865

2. The Election of 1860: Candidates • At the first Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina, southern Democrats walked out, leaving too few delegates for a majority to elect a candidate. • At the second Democratic convention in Baltimore, MD, the southern Democrats left once again, but this time, northern Democrats were able to assemble a majority to nominate U.S. Senator (IL) Stephen Douglas. • Also in Baltimore, the southern Democrats reconvened to nominate U.S. Vice President John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky for the presidency. • The Constitutional Union party also met in Baltimore, and nominated John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate. • The Republican party met in Chicago, IL, for their convention and nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency.

3. The Election of 1860: Outcome • Lincoln won 180 electoral votes from CA, OR, MN, IO, WI, IL, MI, IN, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, ME, MA, RI, CO, and NJ (split with Douglas). He only received 39.79% of the popular vote, but this is largely due to the fact that his name wasn’t allowed on the ballot in 10 southern states. • Breckenridge won 72 electoral votes from TX, AR, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC, MD, and DE, and received 18.2% of the popular vote. • Bell took 39 electoral votes from KY, TN, and VA, and won 12.61% of the popular vote. • Douglas won 12 electoral votes from MO and NJ (split with Lincoln), but received 29.4% of the popular, which means that he took the least number of electoral votes, but the second highest number of popular votes.

4. Map of the Election Outcome

5. Secession of the Southern States • The South Carolina state legislature met in December of 1860 in Charleston and voted unanimously to secede from the Union. • During the next six weeks, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, and TX all followed suit and seceded as well. • The seven seceded states met in Montgomery in February of 1861 and created a new nation, the Confederate States of America. They selected U.S. Senator (MS) Jefferson Davis as their president.

6. Southern Motives for Secession • The southern states were alarmed by the tipping of the political balance against them, caused by the triumph of the new sectional Republican party that favored the north. • They were weary of free-soil criticism, abolitionist nagging, and northern interference ranging from the Underground Railroad to John Brown’s raid. • They believed that the north wouldn’t care if they seceded. An independent Dixieland could develop its own banking, shipping, and trade with Europe. • They reasoned that the 13 original colonies had voluntarily joined the Union, and could voluntarily leave as well.

7. The Union and the Confederacy in 1861

8. The South Fires on Fort Sumter • After the south seceded, they seized all but two of the federal forts in their territory, Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor being the more notable of the two. • The fort sent word to president Lincoln that its provisions would only last a few weeks until the middle of April of 1861, so Lincoln notified the south that he would be sending non-military aid to the fort to avoid conflict. • On April 12, 1861, South Carolina fired the first cannon shots at Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War. After a 34 hour fight, the fort surrendered to the south, and the first battle of the war was a Confederate victory.

9. Southern Advantages and Northern Weaknesses • VA, AK, TN, and NC all seceded, increasing the total number of Confederate states to 11. • The war was largely fought on southern territory. • The southern army possessed the skilled General Robert E. Lee and his chief lieutenant Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. • Southern men were bred to fight from an early age through managing horses and handling weapons.

10. Northern Advantages and Southern Weaknesses • The border states of MO, KY, MD, DE, and WV, although pro-slavery, decided not to secede. • The south had a lack of factories , accounting for shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets. • The north boasted 75% of the nation’s wealth and 75% of the nation’s railroad system. • The north controlled the sea with its superior navy and was able to effectively blockade the south. • The north had a population of 22 million, with immigrants pouring in from Europe daily, while the south only had a population of 9 million, including 3.5 million slaves. • The south was counting on foreign aid from Britain who relied on southern cotton for manufacturing, but the help did not come because of a surplus of cotton the south had shipped to the north immediately before the war, and Britain’s reliance on northern wheat and corn exports. • The north had a long established government, while the new Confederate government was unstable. The right of Confederate states to secede from the new union could not be denied and Jefferson Davis often clashed with the Confederate Congress. Immigrants as a % of a state’s population in 1860

11. Rating the North & the South Rating the North & the South

12. Industrial Comparisons

13. Union Army vs. Confederate Army • More than 90% of Union troops were volunteers. • Congress passed the first federal conscription law in 1863. A loophole in the law allowed wealthy young men such as John D. Rockefeller to pay the government $300 and have someone else drafted in his place. • At the end of the war, the Union army reported 200,000 deserters over the course of the war. • The supply of volunteers for the Confederate army ran out nearly a year before the north, so the Confederate government resorted to conscription in April of 1862. Slaveholders with more than 20 slaves were exempted from the draft. Men present for duty

14. Anaconda Plan1. Suffocate by blockade2. Liberate the slaves3. Cut Confed. in 1/24. Chop it to pieces5. Take Richmond6. Engage in “Total War” Overview of Civil War Strategy: 1 1 1

15. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely criticized by those who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name - “The Anaconda Plan” (1861 cartoon)

16. The War in the East1861to 1862

17. Battle of First Manassas (Bull Run) • Confederate victory • When: July 21, 1861 • Where: Manassas (Bull Run), VA • Key Leaders: General P.G.T. Beauregard and Stonewall Jackson of the Confederate army, and General Irvin McDowell of the Union army • Union forces left Washington, D.C., on their way to Bull Run followed by spectators eager to watch the Union victory. • The battle went well for the Union at first, until Jackson’s troops held their line against Union troops and Confederate reinforcements appeared unexpectedly. • The Union army realized they were in trouble, and many troops fled. • Casualties: 4,878

18. Battle of the Ironclads • Draw >Union victory • When: March 9, 1862 • Where: Off the coast of Hampton Roads, VA • Key Leaders: Lieutenant John L. Worden of the Union navy and Captain Franklin Buchanan of the Confederate navy • The south raised a former wooden U.S. warship, the Merrimack, and plated it with iron from railroad tracks. The new warship soon destroyed two Union ships in the Chesapeake Bay. • The Union’s Monitor, which had been completed in 100 days, arrived and fought the Merrimack to a stand still. • Although the actual battle was a draw, a few months later, the south was forced to destroy the Merrimack to keep it out of Union hands, making this battle an eventual Union victory.

19. Battle of Shiloh • Union victory • When: April 6-7, 1862 • Where: Southwestern Tennessee • Key Leaders: Ulysses S. Grant of the Union army and Generals P.G.T. Beauregard and Albert Sidney Johnston of the Confederate army • The Confederate army launched a surprise attack on Union forces with the intention of pushing them back from the Tennessee River. • On the first day of the battle, the south suffered a blow when Johnston was killed in action. • The next day, Grant launched a powerful counterattack that defeated the Confederate forces and begins the long, slow crawl to Vicksburg • Casualties: 23,700

20. Battle of New Orleans Farragut • Union victory • When: April 24, 1862 • Where: New Orleans, LA • Key Leaders: Admiral David Farragut of the Union navy and General Benjamin Butler of the Union army • Farragut fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip at the mouth of the Mississippi River. • Soon after the surrender of the two forts, Union troops under Butler occupied the city, which surrendered without a fight. Butler

21. Battle of Antietam Creek • Union victory • When: September 17, 1862 • Where: Sharpsburg, MD • Key Leaders: General George McClellan of the Union army and General Robert E. Lee of the Union army • After the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee thrust in Maryland to encourage foreign intervention and attempt to induce the border states into joining the Confederacy. • Two Union soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle plans wrapped around a packet of three cigars, and McClellan was able to halt Lee at Antietam. • After a military draw, Lee retreated across the Potomac. McClellan failed to chase after him, and was fired for a second time from the Union army. • Casualties: 23,000 (bloodiest day of combat in American history)

22. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln stated that all slaves in the rebellious states would be set free, but those slaves in the loyal border states were to be exempted. • Where he could free slaves (the border states that remained in his power), he would not, and where he would free slaves (the southern states that had seceded from the Union), he couldn’t. (It was up to Union troops to do this.) • Thousands of slaves who learned of the proclamation fled their already run down plantations and joined the Union army, strengthening the moral cause of the Union. The war became a “TOTAL WAR!” • The possibility of the war ending through negotiations was now eliminated.

23. Emancipation in 1863

24. Battle of Vicksburg • Union victory • When: May 25-July 4, 1863 • Where: Vicksburg, MS • Key Leaders: General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union army and General John C. Pemberton of the Confederate army • A small passage between Vicksburg, MS, and Port Hudson, LA, was the only passage left between the western Confederacy and the eastern Confederacy. • Grant was given control of the Union army attacking Vicksburg. • After two successful assaults against the Confederate troops and constant siege, the city surrendered. • Casualties: 50,000

25. The Battle ofVicksburg1863

26. Battle of Gettysburg • Union victory • When: July 1-3, 1863 • Where: Gettysburg, PA • Key Leaders: General George Meade of the Union army and General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate army • After his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee decided to try and reach as far north as Harrisburg or Philadelphia, PA to try and persuade northern politicians to end the war. • Three days before the battle, Lincoln replaced Hooker with Meade as the commander of the Union’s army of the Potomac. • After three days of battle, Lee realized defeat and led his army back to Virginia. • Casualties: 51,000

27. The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

28. Gettysburg Casualties

29. The “Witness Trees” at Gettysburg http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/breaking/workers-find-civil-war-era-bullets-in-gettysburg-tree-309529/

30. The Election of 1864 vs. • The Republican party joined the War Democrats to form the Union party, and nominated President Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. They chose Andrew Johnson, a slave owner from Tennessee, as the Vice Presidential nomination to attract votes from the border states and War Democrats. • The Peace Democrats combined with the newly formed Copperheads and nominated General George McClellan for the presidency. • During the election, northern soldiers were brought back from battle in order to vote for Lincoln. • Lincoln won the election easily with 212 electoral votes over McClellan’s 21, but only 400,000 more popular votes. The only states that Lincoln did not win were Kentucky, Delaware, and New Jersey.

31. Sherman’s March through Georgia. to the Sea • Union victory • When: Late 1864 • Where: Southeastern coast of the U.S. • Key Leaders: General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union army • In September of 1864, Sherman captured Atlanta, GA, and burned the city to the ground. • In November, he resurfaced in Savannah, GA, and repeated his previous actions. • From there, his army of 60,000 cut a 60 mile path through Georgia, burning everything they came across. • From Georgia, his army moved north to South Carolina where they eventually reached the capital of Columbia and burned it to the ground. • By the time the war was over, Sherman was deep into North Carolina. • Casualties: 20,000

32. The Final Virginia Campaign: ‘64-’65

33. The Progress of War: 1861-65

34. Lee’s Surrender • Union victory • When: April 9, 1865 • Where: Appomattox Courthouse – Appomattox, VA • Key Leaders: General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union army and General Robert E. Lee of the Confederate army • Lee sent Grant a note suggesting a peace conference be held. • The two met in the courthouse and Grant’s terms for surrender were very generous: • He asked for a list of all the enlisted men in the Confederate army, and all the arms and artillery of the Confederacy to be gathered and turned over to the Union. • He allowed all Confederate soldiers to keep their horses and other personal possessions, and return home unscathed. • The next day, Lee gave his farewell address to his army and met with six of his officers to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender

35. 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act1862 – Homestead Act1862 – Legal Tender Act1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act1862 – Emancipation Proclamation1863 – Pacific Railway Act1863 – National Bank Act Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress

36. The Civil War in Review • April 12, 1861-April 9, 1865 • War between the United States (Union) and the 11 southern states that seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. • The Union was led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican party, while the Confederacy was led by President Jefferson Davis. • The Union army was chiefly led by General Ulysses S. Grant, while the Confederate army was chiefly led by General Robert E. Lee. • Over the course of the war, there were 2,200,000 soldiers in the Union army, and only 1,064,000 in the Confederate army. • Losses totaled 360,000 dead and 275,200 wounded for the Union army, and 258,000 dead and 137,000 wounded for the Confederate army. • The Union was victorious over the Confederacy.

37. Casualties on Both Sides

38. Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars

39. From Pageant p. 461 The greatest constitutional decision of the century was written in blood and handed down at Appomattox Courthouse, near which Confederate General Robert E Lee surrendered. The extreme states’ righters were crushed. The national government, tested in the fiery furnace of war, emerged unbroken. Nullification and secession, those twin nightmares of previous decades, were laid to rest. Beyond a doubt the Civil War – the nightmare of the Republic – was the supreme test of American democracy. It finally answered the question, in the words of Lincoln at Gettysburg, whether a nation dedicated to such principles “can long endure.”

40. And from Pageant again p. 462 … • What were the Consequences of the Civil War? • The lives of Americans, white and black, North and South, were transformed by the war experience. Industry entered a period of unprecedented growth, having been stoked by the transportation and military needs of the Union army. The emergence of new, national legal and governmental institutions marked the birth of the modern American state. All considered, it is hard to deny that the end of the Civil War brought one chapter of the nation’s history to a close, while opening another. • Nation over state • North over south • Centralization over regionalism/sectionalism • Emancipation without equality