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David Brang Anna Krasno Lee Edwards Amanda Gorlick Cogs 175 6/2/06

David Brang Anna Krasno Lee Edwards Amanda Gorlick Cogs 175 6/2/06. Outline. 1. Lee - Synesthesia Primer What it is, relation to consciousness 2. David Video, demographics, evidence, theories 3. Anna Acquired synesthesia, developmental vs. acquired 4. Amanda

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David Brang Anna Krasno Lee Edwards Amanda Gorlick Cogs 175 6/2/06

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  1. David Brang Anna Krasno Lee Edwards Amanda Gorlick Cogs 175 6/2/06

  2. Outline • 1. Lee - Synesthesia Primer • What it is, relation to consciousness • 2. David • Video, demographics, evidence, theories • 3. Anna • Acquired synesthesia, developmental vs. acquired • 4. Amanda • Conscious understanding - closing remarks

  3. What is Synesthesia? • Perceptual phenomenon • Grapheme Color • Inducer and concurrent • Developmental synesthetes • No Comorbidity with mental illness

  4. Correlates to Consciousness • Can be thought of as an altered state • The world is perceived differently, relative to non-synesthetes • Cross modal integration • Relevance

  5. Demographics • The majority of synesthetes report the experience since childhood • Occurs in at least 1/2000 individuals • More common in children than adults • More common in women • Has a genetic basis to it • Theorized 50 separate forms of synesthesia

  6. Evidence as a Phenomenon • Test/retest reliability • Similar reports across cultures and time • PET studies • fMRI studies • Synesthetic Stroop Test

  7. Theories • Learned association • Awareness • Neural Connectivity • Neonatal • Cross-wiring • Disinhibited feedback • Gamma-Binding

  8. Acquired • Brain damage • Retinitis pigmentosa • Sensory deafferentation • Drugs • Meditation

  9. Developmental vs. Acquired

  10. Pop-out Effects

  11. Towards a Conscious Understanding • Booba and kiki • “Conceptual rightness” • Synesthesia is present and suppressed in normal individuals, but has the potential to rise to consciousness • Only consistently part of consciousness in developmental synesthetes

  12. Conclusion • Altered state is unique to the baseline state of each individual • Umbrella including autism and other developmental disorders • Personal reality

  13. References • Baron-Cohen, Simon. (1996) “Is there a normal phase of synesthesia in development? Psyche, 2(27) • Calkins, M.W. (1893). “A statistical study of pseudo-chromesthesia and of mental-forms.” American Journal of Psychology, 5, 439-66. • Cytowic, R.E. (1989). “Synesthesia: A Union of the Senses.” Springer Verlag. • Galton, F. (1880). “Visualized numerals.” Nature, 21: 252-256. • Grossenbacher, P.G. & Lovelace, C.T. (2001). “Mechanisms of synesthesia: cognitive and physiological constraints.” TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 5: 36-41. • Hubbard, Edward M. and V.S. Ramachandran. (2005) “Neurocognitive Mechanisms of • Synesthesia.” Neuron, 48:509-520. • Lynn C. Robertson & Noam Sagiv (Eds). Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. • Maurer, D. et al., (1999). “Cross-modal transfer of shape is difficult to demonstrate in one-month-olds.” Child Development, 70 (5), 1047-57.

  14. References • Nunn, J.A. et al., (2002). “Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia: activation of V4/V8 by spoken words.” Nature Neuroscience, 5: 371-375. • Paulesu, E. et al. (1995). “The Physiology of Coloured Hearing: A PET activation study of colour-word synaesthesia.” Brain, 118, 661-676. • Ramachandran, V.S. and Hubbard, E.M. (2003). “Hearing colors, tasting shapes.” Scientific American. May 2003, 53-59. • Ramachandran, V.S. & Hubbard, E.M. (2000). “Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesis.” The Royal Society, 268: 979-983. • Rich, A.N, Bradshaw, J.L., J.B. Mattingley. (2004). “A Systematic, largescale study of synesthesia: Implications for the role of early experience in lexical-colour associations.” Cognition. 20(11): 1-32. • Snyder, S.H. (1986). Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Library. • Van Leeuwen, T. (2004) “The neural basis of synesthesia.” <http://bar.psych.ubc.ca/PDF/VanLeeuwen04_synpaper.pdf> May 28, 2006. • Walsh, R. (2005). “Can synesthesia be cultivated?: Indications from surveys of meditators.” Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12, 5-17.

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