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Lecture about the Recent Nobel Prize From B Factory to the Large Hadron Collider

Lecture about the Recent Nobel Prize From B Factory to the Large Hadron Collider. June 1, 2009, FPCP @ Lake Placid, NY. Predicting 2008 Prize. 9/30/2008 Ling-Fong Li gave first colloquium of Fall semester @ NTU, on “Higgs Particle”.

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Lecture about the Recent Nobel Prize From B Factory to the Large Hadron Collider

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  1. Lecture about the Recent Nobel Prize From B Factory to the Large Hadron Collider June 1, 2009, FPCP @ Lake Placid, NY

  2. Predicting 2008 Prize 9/30/2008 Ling-Fong Li gave first colloquium of Fall semester @ NTU, on “Higgs Particle”. At the end, I commented on Higgs Mechanism ..., that SBGT is already verified, and that it does not require a physical Higgs boson. Then I said (abbreviated), “There should be enhanced chance for Japanese receiving the Prize this year, because former KEK Director General, Totsuka, passed away in July.”

  3. from Kobayashi’s Nobel Lecture slides

  4. Predicting 2008 Prize 9/30/2008 Ling-Fong Li gave first colloquium of Fall semester @ NTU, on “Higgs Particle”. At the end, I commented on Higgs Mechanism ..., that SBGT is already verified, and that it does not require a physical Higgs boson. Then I said (abbreviated), “There should be enhanced chance for Japanese receiving the Prize this year, because former KEK Director General, Totsuka, passed away in July. Second, BaBar shut down in April, marking a transition for the B Factory era. Therefore, as we await LHC era to dawn, Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa have good chance this year.” Turning around to my colleague, Yeong-Chuan Kao, a Nambu fan, I said to him, “Could it be Nambu and Goldstone?! Nambu well deserves, and he’s really old!”

  5. Nambu was already an old guy over 20 years ago !

  6. Predicting 2008 Prize 9/30/2008 Ling-Fong Li gave first colloquium of Fall semester @ NTU, on “Higgs Particle”. At the end, I commented on Higgs Mechanism ..., that SBGT is already verified, and that it does not require a physical Higgs boson. Then I said (abbreviated), “There should be enhanced chance for Japanese receiving the Prize this year, because former KEK Director General, Totsuka, passed away in July. Second, BaBar shut down in April, marking a timeline for the B Factory era. Therefore, as we await LHC era to dawn, Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa have good chance this year.” Turning around to my colleague, Yeong-Chuan Kao, a Nambu fan, I said to him, “Could it be Nambu and Goldstone ?! Nambu well deserves, and he’s really old !” 10/2/2008 I gave seminar at Murayama’s Institute (IPMU), and stated after showing CKM fit “Could this be the Year of CKM ?”

  7. b  d transitions consistent with SM Could this be the Year of CKM ?

  8. Predicting 2008 Prize 9/30/2008 Ling-Fong Li gave first colloquium of Fall semester @ NTU, on “Higgs Particle”. At the end, I commented on Higgs Mechanism ..., that SBGT is already verified, and that it does not require a physical Higgs boson. Then I said (abbreviated), “There should be enhanced chance for Japanese receiving the Prize this year, because former KEK Director General, Totsuka, passed away in July. Second, BaBar shut down in April, marking a timeline for the B Factory era. Therefore, as we await LHC era to dawn, Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa have good chance this year.” Turning around to my colleague, Yeong-Chuan Kao, a Nambu fan, I said to him, “Could it be Nambu and Goldstone ?! Nambu well deserves, and he’s really old !” 10/2/2008 I gave seminar at Murayama’s Institute (IPMU), and stated after showing CKM fit “Could this be the Year of CKM ?” Murayama responded that announcement should be tomorrow. He was wrong, but it did prompt me to check the date ... In evening of 10/7, a little tired and bored, I recalled the date and went on line, and was exhilarated to witness the announcement. And the genius of Nobel Committee.

  9. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" CPViolation in SM 7 October 2008 B Factories (BaBar & Belle)

  10. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" SSB

  11. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" SSB Aim: “Higgs” SSB Origin of Mass [SUSY] @ LHC

  12. the Charge ... a talk describing the theoretical insights of those honored (and the one who wasn't) and how this has led to all the physics we have been doing over the last couple of decades etc... Sources * phyadv.pdf of Nobel webpage * Nambu and Kobayashi Nobel Lecture slides * “From Yukawa’s Pion to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking” by Nambu, J. Phys. Soc. Japan (2007) * “From BCS to the LHC” by Weinberg at BCS@50 (published in CERN Courier)

  13. Outline 0. Prologue: Predicting 2008 Prize ] I. Intro: the Trouble of Mass[es] N, p, and Fermi-Yang/Sakata; Quark Model II. Squalid State to the Rescue — Nambu’s Insight mN as BCS Energy Gap p as Nambu-Goldstone Boson III. Spont. Symm. Breaking and SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) (Ginzburg-Landau-)Higgs Mechanism; cPT and QCD IV. Gell-Mann-Lévy-Cabibbo and GIM 3  4 Quarks V. Insight of Kobayashi-Maskawa: 6 Quarks for CPV VI. Richness of KM: from tau to top; FPCP VII. Epilogue: KM-N Redux? A Perspective cSB and NJL Model

  14. I. Intro: the Trouble of Mass[es] N ~ isospin doublet (mn ~ mp, why?) p~ isospin triplet (mp≪mN, why?) Chadwick; Heisenberg; Yukawa; Powell ...

  15. p ~ NN? Fermi-Yang Suggestion but mp≪ 2mN!

  16. Sakata Model: p, n, L Prog. Theor. Phys. 16 (1956) 686 N.B. Early indicator of nucleon structure is 1933 measurement of anomalous magnetic moment of proton by Otto Stern. At time of Sakata paper, Hofstadter was uncovering nucleon structure at Stanford w/ e-beam.

  17. Sakata Model to Quark Model copied from Kobayashi’s Nobel Lecture slides

  18. Can one understand mp≪ 2mN? Where Does Proton Mass Come From ? — Where does Mass come from !? Nambu Guided the Way.

  19. II. Squalid State to the Rescue — Nambu’s Insight quip by Gell-Mann

  20. from Nambu’s Nobel Lecture slides Sc.D., 1952 (age:31)

  21. Edward Wittenof the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., "People don't understand him, because he is so farsighted.“ "Over the years," remarks Murray Gell-Mannof the Santa Fe Institute, "you could rely on Yoichiro to provide deep and penetrating insights on very many questions." In 1952 Nambu was invited to visit the Institute for Advanced Study. There he found many brilliant and aggressive young men. "Everyone seemed smarter than I. I could not accomplish what I wanted to and had a nervous breakdown." Nambu wrote decades later. In 1957, after having moved to Chicago, he proposed a new particle and met with ridicule. ("In a pig's eye!“, Richard Feynman shouted at the conference, Laurie Brown recalls. The omega was discovered the next year, in an accelerator.)

  22. Triumf of Squalid State Physics !

  23. ... BCS, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking, and Gauge Inv. Schriefer joined Chicago faculty

  24. Wolf Prize Nambu-Goldstone Boson and Higgs Mechanism Meissner Effect ~ Higgs Mechanism Anderson (1958; 1963) Englert & Brout (1964) Higgs (1964; 1966) [Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble (1964) NR Nambu; Goldstone (1961); Goldstone, Salam & Weinberg (1962) Nambu uses the term Ginzburg-Landau-Higgs “effective” field Ginzburg & Landau (1950)

  25. Nambu’s comment on Higgs Mechanism

  26. mN as “BCS Energy Gap” p as Nambu-Goldstone Boson V-A 1958 Goldberger-Treiman Relation p

  27. proton neutron pion The Penetrating Analogy ca. 1960 Strong Interactions Superconductivity u, d quarks hypothetical fermions with small mass free electrons unknown interaction QCD phonon interaction mN energy gap observed nucleon mass p collective excitations mesons, bound states charge chirality chiral invariance, possibly approximate gauge invariance Yukawa’s pion as NG boson of Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking

  28. (from Fermi surface) cPT Beyond Analogy: Dynamical cSB, NJL Model, cPT Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model Works when QCD doesn’t Cutoff takes place of Fermi Surface

  29. III. Spont. Symm. Breaking and SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) — SSB is integral part of SM!

  30. SUC(3) Han & Nambu (1965) argument of statistics used integer quark charges Asymptotic Freedom ... Gross & Wilczek (1973) [also Fritzsch and Gell-Mann (1972)] QCD DcSB (QCD) SUL(3)xSUR(3)SUV(3) SSB Phenomena in Standard Model Dynamics SSB SU(2)xU(1) UQ(1) Weinberg (1967) Breakthru: SBNAGT renormalizable ’t Hooft (1971); ’t Hooft & Veltman (1972) cPT as effective FT N.B. Need only G-L-H effective field, Does not require fundamental H. [Longitudinal W, Z are NG bosons] used in conjunction w/ LQCD etc.

  31. IV. Gell-Mann-Lévy-Cabibbo and GIM ) 3 4 quarks ... (and the one who wasn't)

  32. s d’ = d cosqC + s sinqC d′ Strangeness conserving changing qC d K u s ► g Jm W– ► d’ Cabibbo Theory qc ≅ 13° cosqc sinqc

  33. s d’ = d cosqC + s sinqC d′ qC d u ► g Jm W– ► d’ Cabibbo Theory qc ≅ 13° cos qc ≃ 0.97, slight reduction in amplitude Measured in O14→ F14 + e + n

  34. K s Already Unitary Form What may have done Cabibbo in ... cosqc sinqc 60

  35. What may have done Cabibbo in ... “Gell-Mann-Lévy-Cabibbo” Gell-Mann remembers in Quark Model paper

  36. d’ u Z ► ► g Jm Jm Z0 W– ► ► d’ d’ GIM Mechanism “Neutral” Current Charged Current W Glashow-Weinberg-Salam Electroweak Theory

  37. s’ K K d’ s s Z0 m+ d 0 Z ► m- Jm Z0 s’ ► d’ sinqc GIM Mechanism d’ = d cosqC + s sinqC “Neutral” Current Not Observed ! ∝sinqc cosqc –sinqc cosqc explained s’ = –d sinqC + s cosqC

  38. d’ = d cosqC + s sinqC s’ “Neutral” Current d’ u Charged Current Z ► ► g Jm Jm W– Z0 W s’ ► ► d’ d’ s’ = –d sinqC + s cosqC GIM Mechanism A Fourth Charge +2/3 Quark ! c s’

  39. s s′ d′ d qC qC u Charged Current ► g Jm W– W ► d’ GIM Mechanism Completes 2 x 2 s d’ = d cosqC + s sinqC s’ = –d sinqC + s cosqC d′ d c 2x2 Rotation ! s’

  40. V. Insight of Kobayashi-Maskawa: 6 Quarks for CPV

  41. Experimental Discovery of CP Violation

  42. (1967) CPV & BAU (& U): The Sakharov View • Baryon Number V iolation • CP Violation • Deviation from Equilibrium 10-9Matterleft! Bang Us Pair Annihilation (  Cosmic Microwave Background ) Equal Matter -Antimatter

  43. tribute to Sakata GIM 2x2 Did not pursue CPV

  44. s s′ d′ d qC Charged Current c, u ► g W Jm W– ► s’, d’ Kobayashi-Maskawa Purely Real Rotation did not refer GIM Sakata

  45. s s′ b′ b d′ d qC s′ s u Charged Current qC d ► d′ g cos Jm W– W ► d’ KM Development : from 2 x 2 to 3 x 3 3x3 Rotation ! PLUS ... 3 “Generations” t c, the phase counting is called Iwasawa decomp. b’ s’,

  46. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 CP Violation "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature" ~ 28 ~ 32 ca. 1973

  47. VI. Richness of KM: from tau to top; FPCP KM is Flavor part of SM!

  48. c t 2000 1974 1995 ne nm nt u s b 1956 1962 1977 1947 e m t six quarks d 1895 1936 1975 six leptons The Fundamental Fermions Heavy Flavor

  49. KM’s Impact, and our pay-back Kobayashi slides

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