Medieval Period 1066 – 1485 AD

1. Medieval Period1066 – 1485 AD

2. The Norman Conquest • Normandy is Northern France • 1066- Edward the Confessor dies • Anglo-Saxons proclaim Harold II king • Duke William objects • Battle of Hastings • Say bye-bye to the Anglo-Saxons

3. William the Conqueror1066-1087

4. Medieval Timeline House of Normandy House of Anjou House of York

5. The Rest of the House of Normandy • 1087 - 1100 William II (William’s son) • 1100 - 1135 Henry I (William II’s brother) • 1135 - 1154 Stephen THE ANARCHY or the Nineteen Year Winter Struggle between Stephen and Henry’s daughter Matilda

6. The House of Anjou Plantagenets

7. Henry II1154 - 1189 • William the Conqueror’s great grandson • Reformed the judicial system • Established royal courts, English common law • French wife – Eleanor of Aquitaine – brought the idea of chivalry to England

8. Richard the Lion-hearted1189-1199 • Also known as Coeur de Lion • Son of Henry II • Spent most of his reign away from England on Crusades • While he was gone, his brother John ruled.

9. John1199-1215 • Richard’s brother • Plotted against Richard • Villain Robin Hood legend • Taxed the barons so heavily and made many enemies • Forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. • Limited the rights of the king • Made the king subject to the rulings of the Parliament • Guaranteed trial by a jury of one’s peers

10. Robin Hood? Lithe and listen,Gentlemen,That be of free-born blood: I shall you tell of a good yeoman- His name was Robin Hood.

11. Plantagenets continued • 1215-1272 Henry III (John’s son) • Parliament began to meet -- council of barons • 1272-1307 Edward I (Henry III’s son) • Model parliament -- included commoners • 1307-1327 Edward II (Edward I’s son)

12. 1295 AD – commoners were included in Parliament (House of Commons, House of Lords) Life for commoners in London… • Increase in trade (guilds) • English was language of trade (upper class spoke French) • Trade growth led to the decline of the feudal system • Crowded towns, poor sanitation, disease

13. Plantagenets continued again! • 1327-1377 Edward III (Edward II’s son) • 1377 -- Hundred Year’s War began • 1348 -- The Black Death • 1377-1399 Richard II (Edward III’s grandson) • 1381 -- The Peasants’ Revolt • 1399 -- forced abdication • 1400 -- murdered

14. 1337 – 1453 AD – Hundred Years’ War between France and England • England was successful until Joan of Arc helped lead France to victory

15. Black Death (Bubonic Plague) • 1/3 -- 1/2 of population died • Carried by fleas and rats • Upper class became more dependent on lower classes • “Ring around the Roses” = symptoms of plague?

16. Black Death (Bubonic Plague)

19. The House of Lancaster • 1399 - 1413 Henry IV • 1413 -1422 Henry V • 1422 – 1461 Henry VI • 1470 – 1471 Henry VI (part 2)

20. The House of York • 1461-1483 Edward IV • son of Richard of York • who was grandson of Edmund • 5th son of Edward III and the son of Anne • Anne was great-granddaughter of Lionel, 3rd son of Edward III) • 1483 Edward V • 12 years old when he became king • Disappeared in the Tower of London

21. House of York continued • 1483-1485 Richard III • Rumored to have had his nephews killed • Villain of Shakespeare play • Reputed to have murdered many people for the throne • Killed at the Battle of Bosworth by a Lancastrian called Henry Tudor, who would later become Henry VIII and found the House of Tudor

22. 1455 AD – War of the Roses Begins • 2 rival families fight for the throne • House of York – white rose • House of Lancaster – red rose • 1485 AD – War ends when House of Lancaster succeeds Marks the end of the Middle Ages

23. John Pettie (1839–1893) The Scene in the Temple Garden from Henry VI, Part 1

24. Living in Medieval England 1066-1485

25. Clothing

26. More Clothing

27. Feudalism • Feudalism – political and economic system • Hierarchy of power • King owned all the land • kept 1/4 for himself • gave 1/4 to the church • gave the rest to nobles (barons) who swore allegiance to the king. The barons granted land to lesser nobles and required service from them and so on down the social ladder.

28. King Barons Knights Serfs French Anglo-Saxons • Barons built castles for protection • Serfs could not own land

29. Decline in FeudalismRise of the middle class • Magna Carta gave more power to nobles • Model Parliament included commoners • Growth of medieval towns - Crusades • Guilds • Universities -- science, mathematics, religion

30. Heraldry • Visual representation of family lineage • Symbolic meanings • Family mottos

31. The Kennedy Clan

32. Chivalry • From the French word “cheval” - horse • Brought to England by Eleanor of Aquitaine • Code of honor intended to govern knightly behavior • Encouraged knights to honor and protect ladies • “Courtly love” • A lady’s love made the knight a better person • Knights went on holy quests or crusades

33. Tales of Chivalry • King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table • Sir Lancelot • Sir Galahad • Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

34. Medieval Literature • Oral tradition • Troubadours – poets, sang songs of courtly love, politics, and religion • Folk ballads, mystery plays (stories from the Bible), miracle plays (stories of saints), morality plays (represented virtues and vices), romances • Served as entertainment and historical preservation

35. Nobles and upper class spoke only Norman French Only lower and middle class spoke English until early 14th century Many words are borrowed from the French Spoken and written language varied greatly among the different regions East midland dialect was prestigious (London dialect) 1400 – William Caxton introduced printing Language

36. Middle English • Increased vocabulary • Natural gender • Softer pronunciation • Word order • Subject/predicate

37. Comparing Middle to Modern English MIDDLE ENGLISH: “Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote The droughte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour Of which vertu engendered is the flour;” MODERN ENGLISH: “When in April the sweet showers fall And pierce the drought of March to the root, and all The veins are bathed in liquor of such power As brings about the engendering of the flower,”

38. Geoffrey Chaucer & The Canterbury Tales There was a Knight, a most distinguished man, who from the day on which he first began to ride abroad had followed chivalry, truth, honor, generousness and courtesy. - Geoffrey Chaucer

39. Geoffrey Chaucer • 1343 to 1400 • Born to a well-to-do merchant family in London • Parents are John and Agnes • Appears to have been significantly educated • Spent the majority of his life in service to the king • Marries Phillipa- who is in service to the royal family. • Four children- Thomas, Lewis, Elizabeth & Agnes. • Buried in Westminster Abbey. The first of “The Poet’s Corner”

40. Civil Work & Services • Served as squire and “valettus” (chamber valet) in Edward III’s court • Served in the war in France (1359-60), captured by French, had his ransom paid for by the king of England and began working in the royal service • Traveled in the king’s service to France, Spain, and Italy • Served as a Justice of Peace in England • Numerous royal annuities from many different kings and nobles, such as • Money • Alcohol • Wool

41. Chaucer’s Literary Life • He did his writing in the later part of his life • Major works include: • The Book of the Duchess • Troilus and Criseyde • The Canterbury Tales ChauThe pilgrimcer- The Pilgrim

42. Writing Style • Well read and educated in many subjects • Learned many writing styles from his travels • In touch with French poets (Eustache Deschamps) • Used and adapted Italian styles, like Petrarchan sonnets (abba) • Translated numerous pieces such as Le Roman de la Rose (Le Romaunt of the Rose)

43. Canterbury • Located in England • Location of Saint Thomas ‘a Becket’s death • Archbishop of Canterbury • Gave up many material signs of his wealth which angered king • Disagreed with many of the king’s ideas, including taxation, and was exiled • 1170-Four knights came to Canterbury, tried to drag him out of the church, failed, and killed him in the church by cracking open his head

45. The Martyrdom- Where St. Thomas ‘a Becket was murdered • The Martyrdom is in the north-west transept of the Cathedral. • Here Becket was murdered on 29 December 1170, just after Vespers. • The modern sculpture was added above the Altar of the Sword's Point in 1986. • The white pavement marked off by black marks the spot where, according to Canterbury tradition, Thomas' head struck the floor.

46. What was the big deal in Canterbury? • Within days of the murder of Archbishop Thomas on Tuesday, 29 December 1170, miracles began to be reported at the martyr's tomb in the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral. • Becket's fame as a miracle worker spread, and people began coming to his tomb to make requests of the saint, even before his official canonization by Pope Alexander III in 1173. • Nor were the pilgrims confined to the lower, poorer classes - King Henry II himself made a pilgrimage in 1174 to ask for Becket's forgiveness for any part he may have played in Becket's murder, and as penance he allowed the monks of Canterbury to scourge him • Henry was facing a rebellion by his sons, who were backed by King Louis VII of France, and the king of Scotland had also invaded England from the north. When the king of Scotland was captured by Henry's troops on the very day that Henry abased himself at Becket's tomb, everyone took it as a sign that Becket had forgiven the king. • Some years later, King Louis VII also visited Becket's tomb to pray the saint's aid in curing his only son and heir Philip, who was seriously ill.Philip recovered and in gratitude Louis lavished gifts upon the monks at Canterbury. • As Becket's reputation spread throughout England and Europe, the trickle of pilgrims to his shrine swelled to a flood, and Canterbury came to rival the other great Christian pilgrimage sites - Santiago Compostela in Spain, Rome, and even The Holy Land. • The pilgrims brought great revenues to Canterbury which the monks used to rebuild the cathedral and increase its size, in order to accommodate the pilgrim traffic and to glorify the saint. • Of course the popularity of Canterbury as a destination for pilgrims inspired Geoffrey Chaucer to compose one of the greatest works of English literature: the Canterbury Tales.

47. Pilgrimages • An act of penance • Done by walking, riding, or sea travel • Travel to places important to Christianity • Pilgrims would often bring back relics • Some became professional pilgrims who would do numerous pilgrimages • Many turned pilgrimages into holidays or vacations instead of acts of penance • People falsely claiming to be pilgrims were punished

48. Fake Pilgrims • 1412-William Blakeney • Shuttlemaker • Lived as a hermit • Went barefoot with wild hair • Lived off of sanctity from others • Claimed to have made pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Venice and Spain • Admitted to lying while in Court • Put in the town pillory for three days with a whetstone tied around his neck

49. The Canterbury Tales • Frame Tale-a story that is the framework for the telling of other stories • Began to be written in 1386 • All pilgrims represent different aspects of the society and social classes of the time • Written in iambic pentameter

50. The Importance ofThe Canterbury Tales • The major literary achievement in Middle English • Pilgrimage to St. Thomas `a Beckett in Canterbury • Shows the wide variety of Medieval life and social class • A frame tale -- a story within a story • Characterization -- high point of Chaucer’s work • Sources -- not original stories -- adapted