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What do you know?!?

What do you know?!?. How do scientists classify living things?. Section 17.1. Aristotle’s System. Greek philosopher Aristotle created the first system of classification based on the information available to him: Plants Herbs Shrubs Trees Animals Of the Air Of the Land Of the Sea.

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What do you know?!?

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  1. What do you know?!?

  2. How do scientists classify living things? Section 17.1

  3. Aristotle’s System • Greek philosopher Aristotle created the first system of classification based on the information available to him: • Plants • Herbs • Shrubs • Trees • Animals • Of the Air • Of the Land • Of the Sea

  4. Carolus Linnaeus • Swedish Botanist, Linnaeus, developed our modern system of classification. • Based his system of physical and structural similarities of organisms. • Evolutionary relationships of species are revealed by their classification.

  5. Carolus Linnaeus • Important Transitions • Bats • Wings like a bird. • Hair and live birth like a mammal. • Whales • Lives in the ocean like a fish. • No gills, live birth like a mammal.

  6. Binomial Nomenclature • Two-word naming system to identify species. • Genus • Specific Epithet • Rules • Must be in Latin! • Must be italicized! • Genus is capitalized, but species is not! Cannislupis Cannisfamiliaris Carcharodoncarcharias

  7. Funny Scientific Names Agathidium bushi Caloplaca obamae Eristalisgatesi Linnaea borealis

  8. Funny Scientific Names Rhinodermadarwinii

  9. Funny Scientific Names Aptostichusstephencolberti

  10. Daily Quiz Extra Credit Question How is the following trait inherited? (Autosomal or Sex-linked?) (Dominant or Recessive?)

  11. Binomial Nomenclature • Why Use Scientific Names? • Common names of species are different in different places. • Common names can be misleading. • Scientific names gives information about relationships of organisms. House Sparrow Passer domesticus Gorriondomestico

  12. Taxonomy • The branch of study that groups and names organisms. • Identify underlying evolutionary relationships. • Compare internal and external characteristics. • Use geographic and genetic information.

  13. Taxonomy • As species are placed into groups (taxa), they share more and more characteristics. • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species

  14. Acinonyxjabutas Taxonomy • A Species is a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce similar offspring. • A Genus is a group of similar species. • A Family is a group of similar genera. Pantheraleo Felispardalis Species: Feliscatus Pantheratigris Felisconcolor Pantherapardis

  15. Taxonomy • An order is a group of similar families. • A class is a group of similar orders. • A phylum is a group of similar classes. • A kingdom is a group of similar phyla. Zalophuscalifornianus Canislupis Aves Amphibia Ursusarctos Reptilia Primates Cervidae Marsupials

  16. Bobcat (Felisrufus)

  17. Fruit Fly

  18. Blue Poison Dart Frog

  19. Killer Whale

  20. Polar Bear

  21. Humans

  22. Dichotomous Key • A method of determining the type of species. • Each question is either yes or no and leads to another group of questions or to the name of the species. • If the organism is green… go to #2 • If the organism is brown…ferret Hylacinerea Mustelanigripes Chondropythonviridis

  23. Think about looking over your notes!!!

  24. Review Quiz • What level of classification is the broadest? a. Species b. Kingdom c. Family • According to classification, humans are most closely related to which of the following organisms? a. Polar Bear b. Blue Poison Dart Frog c. Fly • If two species share the same order, then they also share the same ____________. a. Genus b. Family c. Class

  25. Review Quiz • All of the adaptations and strategies an organisms uses to survive makes up it’s _______. a. Habitat b. Niche c. Symbiosis • All tetrapods have the same bones in the same order, but may use them for different purposes. This is an example of _____________. a. Homology b. Analogy c. Vestiges • Organisms introduce NEW alleles into the gene pool through ________. a. mutation b. selection c. Tolerance • What organelle can be found in plant cells but not in animal cells. a. Ribosome b. Nucleus c. Cell Wall

  26. How do scientists demonstrate the evolutionary relationships between species? Section 17.2

  27. Determining Evolutionary Relationships Canis lupus • Linneaus devised his system based on similarities between species. • The more similar the species are the more closely related they are. • Modern Taxonomy uses evolutionary relationships to classify species. Canisadustus Canislatrans

  28. Hylaversicolor http://www.thebigzoo.com/Animals/Red_Panda.asp Hyla chrysoscelis http://www.neweragalapagos.org/images/galapagos_islands.GIF http://www.thebigzoo.com/animals/zoom/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca_001.asp Determining Evolutionary Relationships Ailurusfulgens • Scientists Use: • Structural Similarities • Breeding Behaviors • Geographic Distribution • Chromosome Comparisons • Biochemistry Lynx rufus Ailuropodamelanoleuca Lynx canadensis http://www.uwsp.edu/stuorg/herp/frog_calls.htm

  29. Review Questions • The basic unit of organization of living things is a(n) ___________. a. Atom b. Cell c. Organism • A hypothesis that is continually supported through experimentation and observation may become a(n) __________. a. Law b. Theory c. Fact • The number and variety of species in an area is known as _______. a. Population b. Carrying Capacity c. Biodiversity

  30. Review Questions • How many chromosomes does a human being have? • How many sex chromosomes does this individual have? • Is the individual male or female? • How many autosomes does this individual have? • What chromosomal disorder does the individual have? • This disorder occurs because of a mistake in what process?

  31. Phylogeny • The evolutionary history of a species. • Early classification schemes did not reflect evolutionary relationships and have been revised. • Cladistics is the system of classification based on phylogeny. • Ancestral traits are shared by all individuals. • Derived traits are new adaptations which help to identify the species.

  32. http://www.livingunderworld.org/amphibianArticles/images/0012_cladogram_1.gifhttp://www.livingunderworld.org/amphibianArticles/images/0012_cladogram_1.gif Cladogram • Top row shows the species being compared. • Every species is connected to each other species by a common ancestor. • As species share more and more traits, they are placed closer and closer on the cladogram.

  33. Cladistics is the biological system of classification based on phylogeny. As groups of organisms diverge, they retain some unique inherited traits. Identifying derived traits provide clues to ancestry. http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/rogerb/wolf-big.jpg http://www.primasoft.com/deluxeprg/sample/fish_catalog/Nassau_Grouper.gif http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/education/questions/lamprey.jpg Cladistics

  34. Archaeopteryx http://www.urweltmuseum.com/dinos/images/Archaeopteryx.jpg Plateosaurus Parasaurolophus C http://www.urweltmuseum.com/dinos/images/Plateosaurus.jpg http://www.urweltmuseum.com/dinos/images/Parasaurolophus.jpg MiniLab 17.2 A B

  35. F E Allosaurus Stegosaurus http://www.prehistoricsillustrated.com/images_jtu/allosaurus.jpg Triceratops Pachycephalosaurus D http://www.urweltmuseum.com/dinos/images/Pachycephalosaurus.jpg G http://www.prehistoricsillustrated.com/images_jtu/triceratops.jpg MiniLab 17.2

  36. 3 6 5 2 4 1 MiniLab 17.2 A B C D E F G Three-toed hind foot Grasping Hand

  37. Bears

  38. Primate Phylogeny Lemur Baboon Orangutan Gorilla Chimpanzee Human Lost hair, bipedality Teeth Pattern Knuckle Walking No Tail 3-color vision Fingernails

  39. Cladogram Based on Classification Killer Whale Polar Bear Human Bobcat Frog Fruit Fly Felidae Primates Cetaceans Ursidae Carnivores Mammals Chordates Animals

  40. Shaping up on Cladograms

  41. http://www.fishsarasota.com/fish_species_photos/yellow_tuna.jpghttp://www.fishsarasota.com/fish_species_photos/yellow_tuna.jpg http://images.ask.com/news?q=Tim+Duncan&apimg=2154321 http://www.hylebos.org/watershed/images/lamprey1.jpg http://www.byronbum.com/fauna/kangaroos.gif http://www.exploratorium.org/frogs/mainstory/images/bullfrog_hand.jpg http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39479000/jpg/_39479042_rhesus2203.jpg http://www.borealforest.org/reptiles/snapping_turtle.jpg Shaping Up on Cladograms

  42. Cladogram Answers Lamprey Tuna Bullfrog Turtle Kangaroo Monkey Human Lost hair, bipedality Placenta Hair, milk Amniotic egg Paired Legs Pairs appendages Notochord

  43. What characteristics define the kingdoms of life? Section 17.2

  44. Archaea • Prokaryotes • Cell Wall/No Nucleus • Autotrophic (Chemosynthesis) • Live in harsh conditions • Asexual Reproduction Halophilic bacterium

  45. Eubacteria • Prokaryotes • Cell Wall/No Nucleus • Autotrophic and Heterotrophic • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction • Live in all environments • Streptococcus, Staphalococcus and Cyanobacteria Streptococcus Staphylococcus aureus Cyanobacterium E. coli

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