Draw & label the functional groups below:

1. Draw & label the functional groups below: H O H N C H O

2. Draw & label the functional groups below: O C H H O P O H O O H

3. BELLRINGER: Copy the questions & answer them. 1. What functional group turns molecules into alcohols? 2. What functional group is this? 3. Draw a methyl group. C=O - H-O

4. BELLRINGER: Copy the questions & answer them. 1. Name the four major types of biomolecules. 2. What functional group is this? 3. Draw a phosphate group. H-O

5. BELLRINGER: Copy & answer the following: Carbohydrates are compounds that contain the elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in 1:2:1 ratios. Give an example by writing out the chemical formula for glucose.

6. Amino Acids 1 • The 5 parts of an amino acid are: • Central carbon (alpha carbon) bonded to 4 groups • Amino group • Carboxyl group • Hydrogen atom • Side chain [R], which gives each amino acid its own particular characteristics. 4 2 3 5 Copy this drawing & identify the 5 major structural components.

7. Copy this amino acid & identify its parts

8. BELLRINGER: tell which ones are Amino Acids. 1 2 3 Propionic Acid (NO) L-Glutamine L-Tryptophan L-Cysteine D-Alanine Acetic Acid (NO) 4 6 5

10. Draw & identify this molecule

11. Bellringer: Draw & identify this molecule & tell where it is found:

12. Bellringer: Draw & identify this molecule & tell where it is found:

13. Bellringer: Draw & Identify this molecule & tell where it is found: N group N group N group N group N group

14. Bellringer: Copy & fill-in-the-blank ____________ make up the cell membrane lipid bi-layer. _______ are hormones such as cholesterol, testosterone, & estrogen. ________ are energy storage lipids ______ can be used for protection; found in the middle ear (ear canal)

15. Bellringer: Fill in the missing DNA bases ? ? ? ? A G C T

16. Bellringer: Copy & Answer the following questions:1. At room temperature are saturated fats solid or liquid? 2. At room temperature are unsaturated fats solid or liquid?3. Why are trans fats so bad for you? ? C

17. Bellringer: Draw & label the picture below: 4 1 Enzyme 2 3

18. Bellringer: Draw & label the picture below: Substrate 1 2 3

19. Biochemistry: Chemistry of living things

20. Carbon Compounds and Biomolecules -Most of the compounds that make up your body contain carbon. -Carbon containing compounds are often called “organic” compounds. A trans-fatty acid

21. Carbon: The backbone of life • Living organisms are made up mostly of molecules based on carbon. • Thus the term “carbon-based life forms”.

22. Carbon: The backbone of life • Americans, on average, consume 140 lbs of sugar per year, much of it in the form of fructose (High Fructose Corn Syrup) Fructose, a hexose sugar

23. Carbon: The backbone of life • Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

24. Carbon bonding • Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex molecules • The small atomic size of carbon makes the bonds very strong (notice the close proximity of the electrons to the protons)

25. Functional Groups

26. Functional Groups • In organic compounds, clusters of atoms called functional groups influence how the molecule acts. • The chemical reactions that a molecule can undergo are dictated by the functional groups it contains. • There are 5 major functional groups that you need to know:

27. 1. Hydroxyl Group: • OH group • The oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the molecule • Functional properties include: • Makes the compound an alcohol • (General formula of an alcohol is R-OH) • Is polar (can dissolve in water) • Can help dissolve organic compounds such as sugars OH Ethanol, found in alcoholic beverages Vodka is an alcoholic drink that originated in Poland

28. 2. Carboxyl Group • COOH group • Found in Carboxylic acids (organic acids) • Funct. Props. Include: • Has acidic properties because it can donate its hydrogen atom. Structure of a typical amino acid

29. 3. Phosphate Group: • The phosphate group is also utilized to produce ALL cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate; or A.T.P.

30. 4. Methyl Group: • CH3 group • Consists of a carbon atom bonded to three Hydrogen atoms • Funct. Props. Include • Non-reactive, but often acts as a “tag” on biological molecules • Affects the expression of genes in DNA • Affects the shape and function of male and female sex (steroid) hormones

31. Estrogen Methyl Group One extra methyl group makes the man “manly”! (Coded for by SRY gene) Testosterone

32. Both estrogen & testosterone are synthesized from cholesterol!

33. 5. Amino Group • NH2 group • Makes compounds into amines • Found in all amino acids • Funct. Props. Include: • Is polar (acts as a base) and can dissolve in aqueous solutions

34. Carbon: The backbone of life • Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids comprise the four classes of organic molecules. • Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S), and Phosphorus (P) are common ingredients in carbon-based biomolecules.

35. Carbon: The backbone of life

36. Carbon: The backbone of life

37. Proteins

38. Proteins • Proteins are the structural building blocks of organisms. • A protein is a large molecule made up of smaller building blocks called amino acids. • There are 20 different essential amino acids needed to build the proteins necessary for life.

40. Amino Acids 1 • The 5 parts of an amino acid are: • Central carbon (alpha carbon) bonded to 4 groups • Amino group • Carboxyl group • Hydrogen atom • Side chain [R], which gives each amino acid its own particular characteristics. 4 2 3 5 Copy this drawing & identify the 5 major structural components.

41. Examples of Amino Acids

42. ά - helix β-pleated sheet

43. Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration Synthesis is also used to link amino acids together to form proteins. (similar to how complex carbs are formed)

45. Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins The process is called “dehydration synthesis” Dehydration Synthesis Peptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together Peptide Bond

46. Proteins • Proteins are responsible for virtually all the structures of your body. • Hemoglobin carries oxygen in your blood. • Melanin shields your skin from devastating U.V. rays. • Myosin & Actin proteins make up your muscles. • Collagen allows your skin to be elastic. • Keratin helps keep your skin, hair, and nails waterproof.

47. Protein folding determines function; which is determined by a.a. order. • Protein function is determined by 3-D shape • Enzymes • Shape is determined by folding • Folding is determined by what order the a.a. arrangement is in

48. Foods that are high in proteins:

49. Protein Denaturation • Sometimes a chemical can interact with a protein to break it down. • This is called protein “denaturation” • Notes • Red Nose • Cognitive impairment • Organ damage (liver)

50. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)