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CS 372 – introduction to computer networks*

Announcements: Final exam on Friday The materials after chapters 1,2 Emphasis on the material covered after Midterm 50 minutes exam in this class Verify your grades. CS 372 – introduction to computer networks*. * Based in part on slides by Bechir Hamdaoui and Paul D. Paulson.

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CS 372 – introduction to computer networks*

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  1. Announcements: Final exam on Friday The materials after chapters 1,2 Emphasis on the material covered after Midterm 50 minutes exam in this class Verify your grades CS 372 – introduction to computer networks* * Based in part on slides by Bechir Hamdaoui and Paul D. Paulson. Acknowledgement: slides drawn heavily from Kurose & Ross

  2. Introduction Wireless links, characteristics CDMA IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) Mobility Chapter 6 outline Chapter 6, slide

  3. Background: computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime-anywhere mobile Internet access two important (but different) challenges wireless: communication over wireless link mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network Wireless and Mobile Networks Chapter 6, slide

  4. wireless hosts • laptop, PDA, IP phone • run applications • may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile • wireless does not always mean mobility network infrastructure Elements of a wireless network Chapter 6, slide

  5. base station • typically connected to wired network • relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” • e.g., cell towers, 802.11 access points network infrastructure Elements of a wireless network Chapter 6, slide

  6. network infrastructure Elements of a wireless network • wireless link • typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station • may also be used as backbone link • link access coordinated by multiple access protocol • various data rates, transmission distance, etc. Chapter 6, slide

  7. infrastructure mode • base station connects mobiles into wired network • handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network network infrastructure Elements of a wireless network Chapter 6, slide

  8. Elements of a wireless network • ad hoc mode • no base stations • nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage • nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves • e.g. ZigBee Chapter 6, slide

  9. large Internet large Internet Wireless network taxonomy Infrastructure-less Infrastructure 1. hosts connect to base station 2. base station connects to larger Internet E.g.:WiFi/Cellular 1. no base station 2. no connection to larger Internet E.g.: Bluetooth Single Hop Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) 1. no base station 2. no connection to larger Internet 3. may have to relay via others to reach a given node E.g.: MANET WiFi Network 1. hosts may have to relay via multiple nodes (multi-hop) 2. connects to larger Internet E.g.: mesh network Multiple hops Mesh Network Bluetooth Network Chapter 6, slide

  10. Wireless Link Characteristics Differences from wired link …. • decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) • interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well • multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects, arriving at destination at slightly different times …. make communication across wireless link (even a point to point) much more “difficult” Chapter 6, slide

  11. B A C C C’s signal strength A’s signal strength B A space Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): • Hidden terminal problem • B, A hear each other • B, C hear each other • A, C can not hear each other • means A, C unaware of their interference at B • Signal attenuation: • B, A hear each other • B, C hear each other • A, C can not hear each other interfering at B Chapter 6, slide

  12. B A C C C’s signal strength A’s signal strength B A space IEEE 802.11: multiple access • avoid collisions: 2+ nodes transmitting at same time • 802.11: CSMA - sense before transmitting • don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node • 802.11: no collision detection! • difficult to sense collisions when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading) • can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading • goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) Two scenarios where collision cannot be detected Chapter 6, slide

  13. Wireless traffic control • Wireless uses collision avoidance (CA) rather than collision detection (CD) • Transmitting computer sends very short "reservation" message to receiver • Destination responds with short message reserving slot for sender • Response from destination is broadcast so all potential senders are notified of the reservation Chapter 6, slide

  14. Avoiding collisions idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames • sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to base station using CSMA • RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short) • Base station broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS • CTS heard by all nodes • sender transmits data frame • other stations defer transmissions Avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets Chapter 6, slide

  15. Wireless CSMA/CA • Any station may receive simultaneous requests • Results in collision at receiver • Both requests are lost • Neither sender gets a reservation • Both senders use random backoff and retry • Any station may receive closely spaced requests • Selects one • Sends message to selected sender • Sender that is not selected uses backoff/retry Chapter 6, slide

  16. RTS(B) RTS(A) reservation collision RTS(A) CTS(A) CTS(A) DATA (A) ACK(A) ACK(A) Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange B A AP defer time Chapter 6, slide

  17. 802.11b 2.4-5 GHz Rate: up to 11 Mbps 802.11a 5-6 GHz range up to 54 Mbps 802.11g 2.4-5 GHz range up to 54 Mbps 802.11n: multiple antennae 2.4-5 GHz range up to 200 Mbps IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN • all use CSMA/CA for multiple access • all have base-station and ad-hoc network versions Chapter 6, slide

  18. AP AP Internet 802.11 LAN architecture • wireless host communicates with base station • base station = access point (AP) • Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka “cell”) in infrastructure mode contains: • wireless hosts • access point (AP): base station • ad hoc mode: hosts only hub, switch or router BSS 1 BSS 2 Chapter 6, slide

  19. 802.11: Channels, association • 802.11b/g LAN: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies • AP admin chooses frequency/channel for AP • interference possible: same channel can be chosen by two neighboring APs • host/laptop: must associate with an AP • scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address • selects AP to associate with • may perform authentication • typically runs DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet Chapter 6, slide

  20. 3 4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 802.11: passive/active scanning BBS 1 BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 2 AP 1 AP 1 AP 2 AP 2 H1 H1 • Active Scanning: • Probe Request frame broadcast from H1 • Probes response frame sent from APs • Association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP • Association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP • Passive Scanning: • beacon frames sent from APs • association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP • association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP Chapter 6, slide

  21. ZigBee • wireless (ad-hoc) mesh networking standard • mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. • based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks • low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications • low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries Chapter 6, slide

  22. no mobility high mobility What is mobility? • spectrum of mobility, from thenetwork perspective: mobile wireless user, using same access point mobile user, passing through multiple access points while maintaining ongoing connections (like cell phone) mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network using DHCP. Chapter 6, slide

  23. H1 remains in same IP subnet: IP address can remain same switch: which AP is associated with H1? self-learning (Ch. 5): switch will see frame from H1 and “remember” which switch port can be used to reach H1 router 802.11: mobility within same subnet hub or switch BBS 1 AP 1 AP 2 H1 BBS 2 Chapter 6, slide

  24. Mobility terminology home network: permanent “home” of mobile (e.g., 128.119.40/24) home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote wide area network Permanent address: address in home network, can always be used to reach mobile e.g., 128.119.40.186 correspondent correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile

  25. Mobility terminology visited (or foreign) network: network in which mobile currently resides (e.g., 79.129.13/24) Permanent address: remains constant (e.g., 128.119.40.186) Care-of-address: address in visited network. (e.g., 79,129.13.2) wide area network foreign agent: entity in visited network that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile.

  26. Mobile Addressing • search all phone books? • call her parents? • expect her to let you know where he/she is? I wonder where Alice moved to? Consider friend frequently changing addresses, how do you find her?

  27. Routing approaches • Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. • routing tables indicate where each mobile located • no changes to end-systems

  28. Routing approaches • Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. • routing tables indicate where each mobile located • no changes to end-systems • Let end-systems handle it: • indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote • direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile not scalable to millions of mobiles

  29. foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent 3 2 4 1 Mobility via Indirect Routing visited network home network wide area network Chapter 6, slide

  30. foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent 4 2 4 1 3 Mobility via Direct Routing correspondent forwards to foreign agent visited network home network wide area network correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile Chapter 6, slide

  31. Wireless, mobility: impact on higher layer protocols • logically, impact should be minimal … • best effort service model remains unchanged • TCP and UDP currently run over wireless, mobile • … but performance-wise: • packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded packets, delays for link-layer retransmissions), and handoff • TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease congestion window un-necessarily • limited bandwidth of wireless links • Many unsolved problems • Research areas ! Chapter 6, slide

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