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Chapter 7:. The Modern History of Education in America. Key Terms. Baby Boom – the great increase in births after the end of World War II.
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Chapter 7: The Modern History of Education in America
Key Terms Baby Boom – the great increase in births after the end of World War II. Project Head Start – a federal government program designed to help preschool children from low-income families develop the skills they need for success in kindergarten and beyond. Bilingual Education – education in two languages
Key Terms Continued Illiterate – unable to read or write Back-to-Basics Movement – move toward focusing on the basics of reading, writing and math Global Economy – the interconnection of economics of nations around the world through finance, international companies and trade
Key Terms Continued Educational Standards – statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at certain points in their education. They are set by national organizations, states, and many school districts. Sometimes called instructional goals. National Standards – standards of knowledge and skills to be mastered in specific subject areas
Key Terms Continued • Competency Based Education – teaching methods that require students to demonstrate their abilities in subject areas • Accountability – providing proof that standards, such as educational goals are being achieved
Key Terms Continued Standardized Tests – tests that measure students performance compared to that of thousands of other students Charter School – a public school that operates under a charter with freedom from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools
Key Terms Continued Career Clusters – sixteen general career areas, each having a wide range of related opportunities
During every era, historical events and changes in American life impact expectations of the educational system and the public’s perception of it. New initiatives are tried, then revised and made in reaction to perceived problems.
Presidential beliefs and priorities determine their degree of federal involvement in education We will now look at education from 1940 to the present, what happened during these more recent decades has had a direct effect on the policies, procedures and issues of education today.
The Modern History of Education in America Objectives: • Identify links between key federal education legislation and perceived threats to national security or prosperity • Trace the impact of the civil rights movement on American education
Objectives continued • Research and evaluate the impact of educational reforms on teachers and students • Identify how educational changes in recent decades continue to shape education today
Objectives continued Give examples of ways civil rights movement prompted improved educational opportunities for other groups
Education During the 1940’s and 1950’s • World War II had a major impact on what was happening in the U.S. • Production of items that were related to the war, helped pull the country out of the Great Depression
Education During the 1940’s and 1950’s • Thousands of men were sent overseas to fight in the war • Because of these men leaving, jobs were filled by women, in factories, classrooms, etc
Education During the 1940’s and 1950’s • Never before had so many women worked outside of the home. • While the soldiers were overseas, the U.S. society had changed
Education During the 1940’s & 1950’s • When the GIs returned home the GI Bill allowed soldiers to go to college or train for as new skill • The Baby Boom resulted in the need for more schools and teachers
Keeping America Competitive • GI Bill allowed soldiers to go to college or train for as new skill • The Baby Boom resulted in the need for more schools and teachers
The Soviets launched the first satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. The US feared that the Soviets emphasis on math and science in their schools was giving them a technological advantage, giving way to a military advantage later on.
Keeping America Competitive • In 1958, The National Defense Education Act passed through Congress. This made funds available for the improvement of science equipment, scholarships and student loans, encouraged schools to strengthen their math, science and foreign language skills instruction.
Keeping America Competitive cont. • School now required students to take additional math and science courses and foreign language programs were improved. • At this same time, homework was also increased to emphasize learning.
The Modern History of Education in America: Brown v. the Board of Education • In the 1950’s many schools in America were still racially segregated based on “separate but equal” policies. • African American schools were not equal in funding, material was outdated, and inferior
Only African American teachers were allowed to teach in these school and they received significantly lower pay • School buildings were in poor condition • Supplies were minimal
The Modern History of Education in America: Brown v. the Board of Education • In 1954, the Supreme Court heard the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. • The court ruled that racial segregation of school violated the Constitution, because the schools were unequal. All public schools were ordered to desegregate, some did and others used tactics to delay this happening.
The occurrence ofdesegregating the schools was the most essential and influential aspect of the civil rights movement.
American Education During the 1960’s • The occurrence of desegregating the schools was the most essential and influential aspect of the civil rights movement. Times of change: • Baby boomers were becoming teens and young adults • Many questioned the conservative nature of the 1950’s • The civil rights movement was in full swing; sit-in and marches, were part of the peaceful demonstrations.
This movement prompted other groups to work towards their own equality; women, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans and people with disabilities • The most significant changes occurred for students who were economically or educationally disadvantaged.
American Education - Civil Rights Act • Though ten years later, many schools had not complied with the 1954 ruling of the of Supreme Court, in 1964 The Civil Rights Act formally outlawed segregation in U.S. public schools and public places.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act • Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for reforms such as “War on Poverty” and “Great Society” • The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 wanted improve schools most in need
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act cont. Federal education money was given to school districts with the most number of poor children enrolled This was a boost to struggling schools and helped equalize the educational opportunities of these students.
Project Head Start • Project Head Start began in 1965 • Project Head Start was designed to help preschool children from low income families develop the skills needed for success in Kindergarten and beyond.
Project Head Start cont. Students who have a good start in education are less likely to have academic problems later on. Hundreds of thousands of children are served each year.
American Education During the 1970’s America was changing: • The divorce rate and single parents increased • More women in the workforce • Unemployment went up • Many schools suffered from inadequate funding
Desegregation and Bussing • By choice or lack of opportunity, neighborhoods and their neighborhood schools tended to be divided by race. (there was very little ethnic diversity) • The schools with minority populations often had inferior facilities and lacked sufficient and up-to-date educational material.
Desegregation and Bussing cont. Forced integration occurred at the district level: school districts assigned students to schools and bussed them to those schools in proportions that would achieve integration. Many families of all races were opposed to the long bus rides to school outside their neighborhoods
Bilingual Education • In 1971, the Supreme Court ordered the joining of two schools in Texas, one primarily spoke Spanish, the other English. • The Court found that language was a barrier for equal education. All students were taught both Spanish and English
Bilingual Education cont. In 1974, The Supreme Court acknowledges the problems students face when they have limited English skills, schools were ordered to provide basic English language classes for these children – bilingual education
Gender Equality • In 1972, Title IX or the Equal Opportunity in Education Act was passed. • It banned discrimination based on gender in all programs and activities receiving federal funds. • Any school, any college, every program, every activity (if federal funds are accepted) must be open to all
Gender Equality cont. Discrimination had long limited the career options of women. In the 1960’s and 1970’s nursing, secretarial jobs and teaching were the professions most available to women. It was unusual for women to be allowed into careers such as Law and medicine On average women were paid 59 cents for every dollar earned by men. In 1978, more women were enrolled in college then men, for the first time
Children with Disabilities • In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. • It guaranteed a free public education for children with disabilities. • The education must be appropriate and take place in the least restrictive environment.
Children with Disabilities cont. Parents are asked to be involved in the decision making- ARDS (Admission, Review & Dismissal) Previously, most children with disabilities had been segregated in special classrooms.
American Education during the 1980’sBack-to-Basics Movement • A Nation at Risk was a report that was published by a federal agency in 1983. • The report stated that America’s competitive edge is at risk, we are falling behind other countries in business, science, and technology. • A push for creative innovations in the 1960s and 1970s is said to have left a hole in the basics
American Education during the 1980’sBack-to-Basics Movement Cont. American students fell behind students of other developed nations in math and science College graduates were scoring lower on general knowledge test than in prior years Push for school reform took place, back-to-basics-movement, more of the basics: reading, writing, and math skills.
American Education During the 1990s and Beyond: The Computer Revolution • It was not until the mid 1990s that most classrooms were equipped with a computer • More became available as new programs were developed for education and the prices of computers dropped. • Internet made computer a great learning tool
Educational Standards and Accountability • Uniformity was desired across schools • National Council on Education Standards – in 1991, began developing standards for what should be taught. Specific subject organizations began developing their own performance standards, called National Standards.
Educational Standards and Accountability continued… • Educational Standards were implemented; guidelines that define what students at various levels should know and be able to do. • Competency-Based Education – Schools teach toward students demonstrating ability in subject area. Two areas of thought on this, 1) this is a great way of evaluating learning 2) real learning is lost and only memorization of facts is gained. -Competency is determined by Standardized tests and School/District accountability
Educational Standards and Accountability Continued… • Standardized test – Designed to measure a student’s performance compared with that of a very large number of other students. • Also can compare different groups of students or schools. • Help make educators make decisions about what is working and what is not. • Accountability – Proving that schools and teachers were providing high quality education; standardized test
Goals 2000 • In the 1990’s President Bush and the nation’s governors established 6 educational goals to be reached by the year 2000. • 7 National Education Goals to be reached by 2000 • All children in America will start school ready to learn. • The high school graduation rate will increase to at least 90%.
All students will leave grades 4, 8 and 12 having demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter including English, math, science, foreign language, civics and government, economics, the arts, history and geography and every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship further learning and productive employment in our Nation’s modern global economy.
Every adult American will be literate and will possess the knowledge and skills necessary to compete in a global economy and exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. • Every school in the United States will be free of drugs, violence, and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol and will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning.
The nation's teaching force will have access to programs for the continued improvement of their professional skills and the opportunity to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to instruct and prepare all American students for the next century. • Every school will promote partnerships that will increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and academic growth of children • Implementation of these goals was left up to the states and local school districts.
