1 / 51

Lecture 20 – Psyco 350, B1 Winter, 2011

Lecture 20 – Psyco 350, B1 Winter, 2011. N. R. Brown. Outline. Memory Illusions DRM False Memories The Paradigm Activation Monitoring Account An Alternative Recovered Memory Controversy. Memory Illusions. Phenomena: DRM-False Memories Misinformation Effect Implanted Memories

manon
Download Presentation

Lecture 20 – Psyco 350, B1 Winter, 2011

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lecture 20 – Psyco 350, B1Winter, 2011 N. R. Brown Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 1

  2. Outline Memory Illusions • DRM False Memories • The Paradigm • Activation Monitoring Account • An Alternative • Recovered Memory Controversy Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 2

  3. Memory Illusions Phenomena: • DRM-False Memories • Misinformation Effect • Implanted Memories Theoretical Importance: • highlights the complexity of memory for real-world information. • multiplicity of relevant memory processes: inference, reconstruction, source/reality monitoring, contextualized cued weighting Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 3

  4. Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) False Memory Paradigm • (Nonpresented) Critical Lure (CL) • Converging Associates List • most common word-association responses Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 4

  5. Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) False Memory Paradigm • (Nonpresented) Critical Lure (CL) • Converging Associates List • most common word-association responses • Tasks • recognition • recall Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 5

  6. The Classic DRM Study Roediger & McDermott, 1995 Method: • 24 list • 15 words/list • study time: 1.5 s/word • Post-list recall • Set-final recognition test: list-items, CL, unrelated. Results: • Recall: list (60%)  CL (57%) • Recognition: list (78%)  CL (80%) >> unrelated (12%) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 6

  7. DRM -- Research Background: • The “Hot Topic” in memory • Spawned from the Recovered Memory Controversy; additional evidence for “productive” memory errors – errors of commission. Issues: • What causes the FMs? • How (and when) are CL correctly rejected? Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 7

  8. Activation-Monitoring TheoryRoediger & Colleagues In general: word processing causes activation to spread related words in a semantic network ______________________________________ At study: activation spreads from list items to CL At test: S encounters highly “primed” CL Source Monitoring: Misattributes CL activation to prior exposure Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 8

  9. Support for A-M Theory • False Memories (FMs) increase with degree of list association. (Deese, 1959; Roediger, et al. 2001) • FM increase with number of associates on list. (Robinson & Roediger, 1997) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 9

  10. Number of presented associates (Robinson & Roediger, 1997, Exp 2) • 24 list • 15 words/list • study time: 2 s/word • associates presented first, then fillers ----------------------------- FMs  # associates Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 10

  11. Support for A-M Theory • False Memories (FMs) increase with degree of list association. (Deese, 1959; Roediger, et al. 2001) • FM increase with number of associates on list. (Robinson & Roediger, 1997) • Blocked listed produce high rates of FMs than randomized lists. (McDermott, 1996) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 11

  12. Effect of Blocking on CLs(McDermott, 1996, Exp 2) • 3 DRM lists • 15 words/list • study time: 2 s/word ----------------------------- Blocking  FMs Blocking  Hits Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 12

  13. Problems w/ A-M Theory Empirical Problems: • A-M Theory incorrectly predicts factors that increase hit rates will also increase FAs for CLs (see below). Theoretical Problems: • Time course at odds w/ semantic priming • Monitoring assumes FM requires very frequent errors of commission. Implication: reality monitoring very unreliable. Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 13

  14. An Alternative: List-Gist/Recollection Failure Approach Two Main Assumptions: • Gist extracted during study & represented w/out external detail. • Recollection failure (i.e. the absence of recollective information in the presence of high familiarity) is sometimes treated as a memory cue. Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 14

  15. An Alternative: List-Gist/Recollection Failure Approach List-Gist Extraction: • during study: effort-after-meaning  gist extraction • gist represented in memory, without external detail • gist reflects generalized meaning • similarity between gist & CL meaning, a matter of degree Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 15

  16. List-Gist Extraction & FMs Probability that gist will be extracted and/or that gist  meaning of CL: • # of related words (list length effect) • degree of association • proximity of related words (blocking) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 16

  17. An Alternative: List-Gist/Recollection Failure Approach List-Gist • during study: effort-after-meaning  gist extraction • gist represented in memory, without external detail • gist reflects generalized meaning • similarity between gist & CL meaning, a matter of degree Recollection Failure(Schacter; Brown, Buchanan, Cabeza) when: (gist  CL meaning) + NO recollection: • recollection common: recollection failure  “New” • recollection uncommon: recollection failure  “Old” Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 17

  18. Recollection Failure A Dual-Process– Weighted Cued Account • 1. low familiarity new • 2. recollection old • 3. high familiarity ? ? + recollection failure Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 18

  19. Dealing with Recollection Failure • When recollectionlist is very common, the absence of recollection indicates item is “New” • When recollectionlist is very rare, the absence of recollection has no bearing in recognition decision (which will be driven by familiarity) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 19

  20. Factor A:  P(recollectionlist)  weight for recollection failure   P(FAcritical items) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 20

  21. Recollection Failure & FMs General prediction: • Factors that increase recollection, decrease FMs Note: A-M position makes the opposite prediction. Examples: • study time Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 21

  22. Effect of Study Time on CLs(Gallo & Roediger, 2002, Exp 3) • 16 DRM lists • 15 words/list ----------------------------- Study time Interaction: FMs  w/ study time Hits  w/ study time Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 22

  23. Recollection Failure & FMs General prediction: • Factors that increase recollection, decrease FMs Examples: • study time • presentation frequency Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 23

  24. Effect of Repetition on CLs(Benjamin, 2001, Exp 1) • 20 DRM lists • 8 words/list • study time: 4s/word ----------------------------- Repetition Interaction: FMs  w/ repetition Hits  w/ repetition Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 24

  25. Recollection Failure & FMs General prediction: • Factors that increase recollection, decrease FMs Examples: • study time • presentation frequency • presentation format (picture vs words) Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 25

  26. Effect of Presentation Format on CLs(Schacter, Israel, & Racine, Exp 2) • 14 DRM lists • 12 words/list • study time: 1.5s/word • presentation: auditory w/ • printed word • picture ----------------------------- FMs  w/ picture Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 26

  27. Summary The Bottom Line: • Factors  gist = CL meaning,  FMs • Factors  list-item recollection,  FMs Supports List-Gist Recollection Failure Account Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 27

  28. Memory Illusions Practical Importance: • Clinical • Forensic Psyco 350 Lec #20 – Slide 28

  29. The Recovered Memory Controversy Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 29

  30. The Recovered Memory Controversy • Background: The False Memory Hypothesis • Implanting False Memory • Forgetting CSA • The “Middle Ground” Position Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 30

  31. The Recovered Memory Controversy Background: Adults report “recovering” forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Memories often recovered during therapy. Profound emotional & legal repercussions Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 31

  32. The Recovered Memory Controversy Assumptions – The Recovered (“true”) Memory Position: traumatic memories can be repressed/suppressed recovery techniques produce valid memories of real events. recovering forgotten CSA memories has therapeutic value. Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 32

  33. Question Assumptions Do/can people repress/suppress memories of CSA? Can recovery techniques produce false memories? Does memory recovering CSA memories have therapeutic value? Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 33

  34. Theoretical Response Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 34

  35. Lindsay & Read (1994) Memory is fallible & subject to distortion. Relevant Phenomena: Misinformation Effect – blend facts & suggestion Source Amnesia – forget source of information Imperfect Reality Monitoring – mistaking imagined events for real ones Reconstruction – past events reconstructed from fragmentary details and schematic knowledge. Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 35

  36. Clinical Practice (circa, 1990) When CSA suspected, recovery techniques employed (over sessions) Techniques: guided imagery hypnosis dream interpretation survivors’ groups uncritical acceptance of claims Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 36

  37. False Memories of CSA “Memory recovery techniques may lead some clients to create illusory memories.” -- Lindsay & Read Imagined and/or suggested events can take on a realistic vividness and detail w/ extensive memory work. Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 37

  38. The False-Memory Hypothesis Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 38

  39. False Memories of CSA Step 1 – create CSA story Step 2 – elaborate on CSA story (suggestion, imagery, interpretation, hypnosis, social facilitation) Step 3 – forget or mistake origin of CSA story (source amnesia, failed reality monitoring). Implication: It should be possible to create FM in the lab. Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 39

  40. Implanting False Memories Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 40

  41. Implanting FMs /w Narrative Hyman et al. (1995) Issue: Can FMs be implanted using clinical techniques? Method: Preparation: Solicit event descriptions from parents Materials: 3 “real” event descriptions 1 “false” event description (spill punch bowl at wedding) Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 41

  42. Hyman et al. (1995): Procedure Phase 1: Recall as much as possible about each event & continue to reflect outside of lab. 2-day delay Phase 2 – repeat procedure Phase 3 – repeat procedure Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 42

  43. Hyman et al. (1995): Results true memories increase across phases false memories increase across phases Phase 2 FM = 25% Accessing background knowledge predicts FM FMS for 11 or 30 Ss who accessed BK FM for 2 of 20 Ss who did not access Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 43

  44. Hyman et al (1995): Sample FM Background Knowledge Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 44

  45. Hyman et al (1995): Sample FM Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 45

  46. Hyman et al. (1995): Results Accessing background knowledge predicts FM FMs for 11 or 30 Ss who accessed BK FMs for 2 of 21 Ss who did not access BK Interpretation: suggestion + BK + source confusion FM Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 46

  47. Creating FMs w/ Photos:Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) Method: 3 “real” childhood photos 1 doctored childhood photo Task: recall as much as possible three phases  1 week apart Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 47

  48. Creating FMs w/ Photos:Wade, Garry, Read, Lindsay (2002) Results for False Photos: 1st Interview: 30% FMs 3nd interview: 50% FM Conclusion: Photos compiling for support of generating false event and accept false memory. Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 48

  49. Implanted False Memories Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 49

  50. Three Stages Required to Implant FMsHyman & Loftus (1998) Plausibility Assessment/acceptance source (family, experts) content (likelihood, consequentiality) Memory Construction (creation of a plausible imagined event) Actively relate proposed event to self-knowledge Imagery, journaling, dream interpretation Source Monitoring Error. Situational/social demands Delay Repetition Psyco 350 Lec #20– Slide 50

More Related