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This article discusses the economic and political failures of Reconstruction, the establishment of discriminatory Jim Crow laws, and the struggles faced by African Americans during this time period. It explores the origins of Jim Crow, the impact of Black Codes, and the efforts of activists like Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois. The article also highlights the Great Migration and the challenges faced by African Americans in both the North and South.
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Warm-up Match the following! • Light bulb • Telephone • Airplane • Assembly line • Steel • Oil • Finance • Railroads • Rockefeller • Ford • Bell • Morgan • Wright brothers • Carnegie • Edison • Vanderbilt
How Reconstruction Failed • No economic gains were made by freedmen • Political gains were only temporary • Reconstruction did not guarantee African Americans of equal rights • State governments found loopholes in 14th and 15th Amendments and passed discriminatory laws
1. What does this image show? 2. What images does Thomas Nast use to make his point? 3. What does Nast want to happen? Worse than Slavery by Thomas Nast
Where does Jim Crow come from? • Jim Crow was the name of a blackface minstrel character who became associated with the harsh "Black Codes” of the South • "Come listen all you galls and boys, I'm going to sing a little song, My name is Jim Crow. Weel about and turn about and do jis so, Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow."
Black Codes What does this show? • Laws that limited African-American freedoms in the South • These laws limited property ownership, regulated labor, denied legal rights in courts, established curfews, and upheld corporal punishment. • Purpose was to retain social structure of the South (how it was before the Civil War)
Jim Crow Laws • After reconstruction, many southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing separation of the races in public places.
Discrimination and Segregation • Intimidation and crimes were directed against African Americans (lynchings). • Lynching: illegally execute, usually by hanging • African Americans looked to the U.S. courts to protect their rights.
Plessy v. Ferguson • In 1896’s Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment, upholding the “Jim Crow” laws of the era. • Facilities were separate, but never equal.
“Greats” of American history: Great Awakening Great Compromise Great Migration Great Depression Great Migration • During the late 19th and early 20th century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South. • Jim Crow laws were not popular in the North, but the migrants still suffered from discrimination!
Northern Problems • African Americans faced racism and discrimination in the North, too. • Confrontations with immigrant groups were a result of competition for jobs. • De facto segregation arose as African Americans settled in their own ethnic communities.
Ida B. Wells • She led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action. • Congress failed to make a law preventing lynchings. However, Wells raised a great deal of public awareness about the horrors of lynching.
Booker T. Washington • Believed the way to racial equality was through vocational education and economic success • Vocational: specific job • Accepted social separation (separated by race) • Believed economic success would lead to social equality!
W.E.B. DuBois • Believed that education was meaningless without equality. • Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to advocate for political equality for African Americans.
