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Block Pavements Construction and Design

SEPT-Workshop 2011. Block Pavements Construction and Design. Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch. Structure. Standards and Regulations Design and Construction of Concrete Block Pavements Upper Roadbase Laying Course Joints Block Pavement. Standards and Regulations. European Standards.

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Block Pavements Construction and Design

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  1. SEPT-Workshop 2011 Block PavementsConstruction and Design Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch

  2. Structure • Standards and Regulations • Design and Construction of Concrete Block Pavements • Upper Roadbase • Laying Course • Joints • Block Pavement Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |2

  3. Standards and Regulations

  4. European Standards • Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures (DIN EN 13242) • Unbound mixtures (DIN EN 13285) • Concrete paving blocks and flags (DIN EN 1338, DIN EN 1339) • Kerb units (DIN EN 1340, DIN EN 1343) • Forms and dimensions of concrete kerb units (DIN 428) • Clay pavers (DIN EN 1344) • Clinker (DIN 18503) • Setts and slabs of natural stone for external paving (DIN EN 1341, DIN EN 1342) Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |4

  5. National technical requirements based on the EN Constructionproducts: • „Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ – TL Pflaster 2006FGSV[technicalconditionsforthedeliverytotheplaceofuse] Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |5

  6. National technical requirements based on the EN Constructionof block andflagpavementsandofkerbs : • ATV DIN 18318: „Verkehrswegebauarbeiten, Pflasterdecken, Plattenbeläge, Einfassungen“ - 2010 [germanstandardasstateoftheart] Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |6

  7. National technical requirements based on the EN Constructionof block andflagpavementsandofkerbsin publicroads: • „Zusätzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen“ - ZTV Pflaster - StB 2006, FGSV[additional technicalconditionsfortheconstructionaspartofthecontract] Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |7

  8. TL Gestein-StBnational regulations for aggregates for the layer course and joints Technical Regulations in Germany DIN ENProducts e.g. blocks, flags Zusätzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen ZTV Pflaster - StB 06 Ausgabe 2006 Technische Lieferbedingungen für Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelägen und Einfassungen TL Pflaster - StB 06 Ausgabe 2006 TL Pflaster-StB National regulations for products ATV DIN 18318 Construction ZTV Pflaster-StB Construction of public roads

  9. Standardisation / Dimensions of pavements • „Richtlinien für die Standardisierung des Oberbaus von Verkehrsflächen“ – RStO 2001[code of practise for road and pavement construction] Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |9

  10. Further Regulations • Hydraulically bound block pavements: • FGSV-working paper Nr. 618/2:„Flächenbefestigungen mit Pflasterdecken und Plattenbelägen in gebundener Ausführung“ – 2007 • Larger formats: • Information sheet in preparation – published 2012? Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |10

  11. Further Regulations • Water permeable block pavements • „Information sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas“ – 1998 • „Changings and supplements for theinformation sheet for water permeable pavements of traffic areas “ – 2009 Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |11

  12. Design and Construction of Contrete Block Pavements

  13. National Regulation:Blocks ↔ Flags / Slabs L : D ≤ 4 : 1 B L D • Use: • Blocks: Roadsandfootways, Lmax = 320 mm • Flags / Slabs: Areas withoutmotorvehicletraffic,Lmax = 600 mm

  14. Classes of traffic: resulting from the sum of 10-t-equivalent axle loadings in 30 years table 1:

  15. Roads:

  16. Classes of traffic (without calculation) table 2:

  17. Pavement structureof block pavements blocks and joints class line bedding layer RStO Tafel 3 gritty roadbase gravel subbase gravel roadbase gravel subbase gritty or gravel roadbase asphalt roadbase gravel subbase concrete basecourse

  18. Blocks and joints Bedding layer Gritty roadbase gravel subbase gravel roadbase gravel subbase Gritty or gravel roadbase asphalt roadbase gravel subbase RStO Tafel 3 concrete roadbase gravel subbase

  19. Example for Roads Block thickness: BK III: ≥ 100 mm BK IV- VI: ≥ 80 mm Blocks Laying course Bedding layer: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm Blocks > 120 mm: 3 (2) – 5 cm or 4 (3) – 6 cm Gritty roadbase 120 / 100 45 150 / 120 Gravel subbase Subgrade Joints: Blocks ≤ 120 mm: 3 – 5 mm Blocks >120 mm: 5 – 8 mm Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]

  20. Example for footways and cycle tracks: Blocks or flags Laying course 8 3 – 5 Roadbase 19 / 29 Subgrade 45 80 [cm] Stiffness modulus: min-Ev2 [MN/m²]

  21. Upper Roadbase Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |21

  22. Usual: Unbound Roadbase • „Adequate“ permeability of water required • Material segregation must be avoided • Fines < 0,063 mm: Maximum 7 M.-% • Filter stability between roadbase and layer course must be proofed

  23. Filter stability equations: D15/d85≤ 5 D50/d50 ≤ 25 d, D: Particle size of aggregates [mm] at 15 / 50 / 85 % passing the sieve d: Layer course D: Roadbase

  24. Bearing capacity of the upper roadbase BK III and IV: • Thickness ≥ 20 cm: Ev2≥ 180 MN/m² orEv2≥ 150 MN/m² Problems withwaterpermeability! Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |24

  25. Asphalt roadbase • Adequate permeability of water required • Material: PA 22 T WDA • Void content of the compacted asphalt: ≥ 13 Vol.%, (research project: ≥ 16 Vol.-%) • Changings and supplements • for the • information sheet • for water permeable pavements of traffic areas Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |25

  26. Laying Course (3 – 5 cm) Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |27

  27. Bedding Materials • Shape: • Roads: crushed, sharp coarse, ECS35, C90/3 • Other areas: no requirements • Grading: • Block thickness < 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm • Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm • Roads: Category GU • Others: Category GN • Content of fines: max. 5 M.% E.g. Mixture 0/5: GU: 0/2 between 30 – 60 M.-% 2/5 between 40 – 70 M.-% GN: no requirement

  28. Exception for e .g. private AreasATV DIN 18318 Areas, whichare not „reachable“ formotorvehicles: Possible alternative grading: 0/2, 1/3, 2/5 mm Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |29

  29. Mechanical Behavior • Aggregates, dependent on mineral and use: • SZ18, LA20 • SZ22, LA25 • SZ26, LA30 • Beddings in public roads: • Material with „enough“ mechanical strength! • Recommendation for BK III and IV: SZ22, LA25 or better

  30. Joint filling materials (Joints 3 – 5 mm) • Shape: • Roads: crushed, ECS35, C90/3 • Other areas: no requirements • Grading: • Block thickness < 120 mm: (0/2), 0/4, 0/5, 0/8 mm • Block thickness ≥ 120 mm: 0/4, 0/5, 0/8, 0/11 mm • Roads: Category GU • Others: Category GN • Content of fines : min. 2 M.-%, max. 9 M.% • Mechanical strength: SZ18, LA20; SZ22, LA25; SZ26, LA30

  31. Filter Stability / Erosion Requirementsbetweenbeddingandjointmaterial: D15/d15≥ 1 D15/d85≤ 4 D50/d50≤ 5 D15; D50Particlesizeofbedding material [mm] at 15 / 50 % passingthesieve d50; d85Particlesizeof granular jointfilling [mm]at 50 % passingthesieve - particle top sizeofthejointfilling must not besmallerthan1 sievesizelessthantheparticle top sizeofthebedding material equations:

  32. D15/d85≤ 4 D50/d50≤ 5 D15/d15≥ 1 Joint filling Bedding material Percentagepassingthesieve [M.-%] Particlesize [mm]

  33. Granular material intended as seeling of joints • The upper part of the joints can be filled with another material to prevent material loss as a result of traffic and surface cleaning • Grading: 0/2 mm • High fines amount > 9 M.-% • crushed shape • No further material requirements

  34. Bitumen intended as compound joint seeler Only with joints > 8 mm (e. g. natural stone pavement) Bitumen ≥ 3 cm, < 1/3 of stone thickness

  35. Block Applying and Finishing of the Pavement e. g.: • Minimum transverseslope: 2,5 % ateachlayer • Joints havetobe „regular“ Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Koch |36

  36. Crossing joints only for areas without car traffic!

  37. No filling block smaller than half a block

  38. cleaning the surface, drying and compacting maybe filling and compacting again maybe „joint seeling“ by sweeping and washing of fine aggregates (about 1 cm) Filling of the joints and compacting filling the joints by sweeping and washing

  39. Maximum unevenness of the surface, 4-m-straightedge • Upper roadbase: • general: ≤ 2 cm • recommendation:under block pavements: ≤ 1 cm(to be fixed in a contract) • Road surface: ≤ 10 mm • Gutters: ≤ 5 mm end

  40. Thank you for listening! carsten.koch@fh-koeln.de damage in front of an entrance to a bank, in use severel days after damage

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