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Review for Quiz

Review for Quiz. What is the unit for measuring length? What is the unit for measuring volume? What is the unit for measuring mass? Convert: 1m = km 13.45 kg= g 145.67L= mL. Cell Features. Robert Hooke. Discovered cells Looked at cork under microscope

marah-casey
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Review for Quiz

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  1. Review for Quiz • What is the unit for measuring length? • What is the unit for measuring volume? • What is the unit for measuring mass? • Convert: • 1m = km • 13.45 kg= g • 145.67L= mL

  2. Cell Features

  3. Robert Hooke • Discovered cells • Looked at cork under microscope • Saw little boxes • Coined the term cells.

  4. Anton Von Leewenhoek • Responsible for the discovery of the microscope. • Looked at spirogyra

  5. The Cell Theory • All living things are made of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • All cells arise from existing cells.

  6. Cell Size • Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. • Surface area-to-volume ratio • If the surface area-to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot enter and leave the cell in numbers large enough to support the cell’s needs. • Small cells can exchange substances more readily than large cells. • Small cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio.`

  7. Table 2

  8. Page 56- Math Lab • Please complete the math lab on page 56 with a partner. • Complete it on lined paper. • Do Analysis Questions # 1-3

  9. Common Features of Cells • Cell membrane- encloses the cell and separates the cell’s interior from surroundings. • Regulates what goes into and out of the cell • Cytoplasm- interior of the cell. • Cytoskeleton- inner structure of the cell, made of tiny fibers. • Ribosomes- structures in a cell that make proteins.

  10. Quiz 1. List the three components of the cell theory. 2. Who looked under the microscope and discovered cells? 3. Who invented the microscope?

  11. Prokaryotes • Smallest and simplest cells. • Lacks a nucleus and internal compartments. • Most common example: bacteria • Some do not need oxygen to survive • DNA material is circular • Have a cell wall • Flagella- threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface and enable movement.

  12. Prokaryotes

  13. Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotes have a nucleus. • Nucleus- an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA. • Organelle- a structure that carries out specific activities in a cell.

  14. Eukaryotes

  15. Cilia and Flagella • Cilia- short hair-like structures that protrude from the cell. • Flagella- long hair-like structure.

  16. Cilia and Flagella

  17. The Cell Membrane • Not rigid like an eggshell • Fluid like a soap bubble. • Made of lipids • SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE- allows certain substances to pass through

  18. Phospholipid Bilayer • Phospholipid- made of a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails. • Hydrophilic head- water loving- polar • Hydrophobic tail- water hating- nonpolar • Lipid bilayer- 2 layers of lipids • Allows lipids and substances that dissolve in lipids to pass through the membrane

  19. Membrane Proteins • Marker protein- attach to a carbohydrate on the cell’s surface. • Advertise cell type • Receptor protein- bind specific substances such as single molecules. • Enzymes- involved in important chemical reactions. • Transport proteins- aid in the movement of substances into and out of the cell

  20. Membrane Proteins

  21. Complete Section 2 Review • Page 61 • # 1-5

  22. Nucleus • Control most functions in a cell • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope • Nuclear envelope - made of two lipid bilayer • Nuclear pores-small channels on the nuclear envelops • Nucleolus-ribosomes are assembled here

  23. Nucleus • Contains DNA • Eukaryotic DNA is wound tightly around proteins • Chromosomes- one of the structures in the nucleus made of DNA and protein. • Human body cells have 46 chromosomes • Garden peas have 14 chromosomes

  24. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell. • Membrane of ER is made of a lipid bilayer • ER with ribosomes- rough ER • Helps transport proteins that are made in ribosomes • ER without ribosomes- smooth ER • Makes lipids and breaks down toxic substances

  25. Vesicle • Small membrane bound sac that transports substances in cells.

  26. Processing of Proteins

  27. Mitochondria • Powerhouse of the cell • Harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP. • ATP- the main energy currency of cells. • Cells have a high energy requirement

  28. Would a muscle cell have a lot of mitochondria? • Yes! • Why ? • Requires a lot of energy

  29. Mitochondria • Double membrane • Outer membrane is smooth • Inner membrane is folded • Mitochondria have DNA and ribosomes • Different from nuclear DNA • More like circular DNA in prokaryotes

  30. Plant Cells • Plant cells have three structures that are different from animal cells. • 1. Cell Wall • 2. Central Vacuole • 3. Chloroplasts

  31. Lab Report – plant vs. animal cells • Follow same format as murder and a meal • Can be hand written if it needs to be. • Make sure you use a source in your introduction. • Make sure you cite your sources. • Come to me for help. • Late labs= -10 per day- no exceptions • Results- your drawings

  32. Cell Wall • Thick outer covering of a plant cell • Rigid • Composed of proteins and carbohydrates • Support and maintain the shape of the cell • Connects the cell with adjacent cells

  33. Central Vacuole • Makes up much of the volume of a plant cell • Stores water and other substances- ions, nutrients, and wastes • When the vacuole is full it makes the cell rigid. • This is what enables a plant to stand upright

  34. Chloroplasts • Organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. • Photosynthesis! • Also found in algae • Supply much of the energy plant cells need • Surrounded by a double membrane • Contain their own DNA

  35. Protein Synthesis • 1. proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER • 2. vesicles carry proteins from rough ER to golgi body • 3. Proteins are modified in the gogli body and put into new vesicles • 4. some vesicles release proteins outside of the cell • 5. Other vesicles become lysosomes and other vesicles.

  36. Cytoskeleton • Provides the internal framework for the cell. • Composed of an intricate network of protein fibers anchored to the inside of the plasma membrane. • 1. microfilaments- made of actin • 2. microtubules- made of tubulin • 3. intermediate fibers- thick ropelike

  37. Cytoskeleton

  38. Create a Graphic Organizer in your notes

  39. Cell Size • Fill the two cups with water • Add about 3 drops of food coloring to the cups. • Place one small potato cube in one cup. • Place a large potato cube in the other cup. • Set for ten minutes. • After ten minutes cut both cubes in half. • What does this tell you about surface area-to-volume ratio.

  40. Cell Membrane • Draw and label a phospholipid bilayer • Be sure to include the following • Hydrophilic head • Hydrophobic tails • Integral protein • Peripheral protein • Sterol

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