Genetics in the Animal Industry

1. Geneticsin the Animal Industry Describe 2 types of selection Compare Phenotype and Genotype Define Common Terms used in genetics Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Demonstrate the use of a punnet square Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry

2. Describe 2 types of selection Natural Selection • No human intervention • Survival of the fittest • Based on an organism’s ability to SURVIVE and pass on its GENETIC information to its offspring.

3. Describe 2 types of selection Artificial Selection • HUMANS control which organisms pass on their GENETIC information (reproduce)

4. B. Compare Phenotype and Genotype Genotype Phenotype • An organism’s genetic code (genes) • Observable physical characteristic Genotype= BB or Bb (a pattern of letters representing the genes for color) Phenotype= Black

5. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Gene= Factor that control traits • Alleles= Different forms of genes • Paired (AA or Aa) & represented by a letter

6. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Adaptability= The ability of a BREED to become SUITABLE to specific environmental conditions

7. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Type= a group of ANIMALS that are grouped together according to the PRODUCTS they produce • Examples: Beef type cattle, Dairy type cattle, Wool type sheep, Mutton type sheep

8. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Species= a group of similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring. Canine Equine

9. Terms in Genetics • Breed= animals having a common ORIGIN and CHARACTERISTICS different from animals within the same SPECIES. Canine Quarter Horse Irish Wolfhound Clydesdale Equine Miniature Horse Golden Retriever Chihuahua

10. Terms in Genetics • Purebred= • individuals within a BREED • must have ALL of the required CHARACTERISTICS • recorded PEDIGREE.

11. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Dominant alleles= • Represented by CAPITAL letters • This trait is the one EXPRESSED (BB) • Recessive alleles= • Represented by LOWER case letters (bb) • Only expressed if both parents donate recessive genes for a trait

12. C. Define Common Terms used in genetics Terms in Genetics • Homozygous= Alleles express same trait type • (BB dominate) OR (bb recessive) • Heterozygous= two different alleles for the same trait (Bb)

13. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment • Heredity= the POTENTIAL an animal has to show specific TRAITS or performance due to its GENETIC information

14. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment • Environment= the EXTERNAL conditions that affect the traits and PERFORMANCE of an animal

15. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment Traits & Performance = + Environment Genetics

16. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment • Some TRAITS are influenced more by an organism's ENVIRONMENT • Other traits are influenced most by GENETICS Environment Genetics

17. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment • HERITABILITY= The percentage a trait is affected by its genetic information. • A heritability factor of 0.0 = little influence from genetic information. • A heritability factor of 1.0= BIG influence from genetic information.

18. D. Describe the interrelationship between genetics and the environment. Heredity vs Environment Examples of Heritability: • Birth Weight = .40 • Weaning Weight = .30 • Multiple Births = 0.0 - 0.10 • Dressing Percentage = .60

19. E. Demonstrate the use of a punnet square Punnet Square A method of calculating the chances of inheriting a specific trait B b b b Bb bb Bb Bb bb bb Holstein Cattle Black & white Red & White

20. E. Demonstrate the use of a punnet square Punnet Square Suppose you have a Holstein dairy farm of ALL black and white cows. You want some red and white Holsteins. Is it possible??? B b B B b b b b Bb bb Bb Bb Bb bb Bb Bb

21. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS • How to design a breeding system: • Set Goals • Choose measureable traits • Select parents according to goals

22. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Traits to breed for: Days to 230 Weaning Weight Milk Birthweight Yearling Weight Speed Index # Born Alive Coat Color Height Coat Texture: Curly, straight, etc Etc, Etc, Etc

23. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry How to measure traits BREEDING SYSTEMS • Qualitative Traits: • Controlled by SINGLE pair of genes • Not altered by environment • Example: Coat Color • Quantitative Traits: • Controlled by SEVERAL pair of genes • Can be altered by environment • Examples: Weight gain, growth rate, backfat depth, etc.

24. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Purebred • Breed only animals that are purebred with registration papers • Goal: To produce high quality animals to sell as breeding stock

25. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Grading Up • Breed purebred sires to commercial females • Replacement females are kept and bred back to the purebred sire • Goal: To produce progeny resembling the purebred sire & Save money Most common in the livestock industry!!

26. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Crossbreeding • The mating of animals of different breeds • Goal: To take advantage of hybrid vigorand hopefully have offspring inherit good traits of both parents • hybrid vigor (heterosis) -- crossbred offspring exceeds the average of the two parental breeds

27. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Crossbreeding

28. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Inbreeding • mating of related individuals – sires and dams that share at least one ancestor • Necessary when creating new breeds or when you need to isolate genes for chosen traits • Goal: Isolate unique/rare genes and perpetuate them Mostly Found in the Purebred Industry Example Full Brother X Full Sister .25 coefficient or 25% inbred Half Brother X Half Sister.125 coefficient or 12.5% inbred

29. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Inbreeding • Increase uniformity of offspring • Could result in the surfacing of deleterious genes • Reduction in performance because what use to be hidden by recessive genes is now being expressed • deleterious gene – could cause undesirable effects on an individual’s viability, productivity and/or economic value

30. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry Examples of Deleterious Genes “Lethal White” gene in Paints: • Foals carried full term • All white or mostly white coats • Look & Seem fine at birth • BUT colon is non functioning. They show symptoms of colic and die within 48 hours. • Gene is carried on the overo color gene • Recessive gene was perpetuated as overo paints were bred.

31. F. Compare common breeding systems used in the animal industry BREEDING SYSTEMS Line breeding • A minor form of inbreeding with the attempt to keep a relationship to a highly regarded ancestor • Elite Sire X Half Sisters • Son of Elite Sire X Daughter of above Females • Grandsire X Granddaughters

32. Study for Test • Genotype vs Phenotype • Homozygous, heterozygous • Artificial vs natural selection • Breeding systems • Punnet squares • Solve • Ratio of phenotypes and genotypes

33. http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=218&ad=14464679&cat=105&lpid=&search=standard%20poodlehttp://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=218&ad=14464679&cat=105&lpid=&search=standard%20poodle http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=218&ad=14368992&cat=105&lpid=&search=standard%20poodle http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=218&ad=14466119&cat=105&lpid=&search=poodle

34. Bell Quiz • Describe the difference between environment and genetics • Describe difference between Natural Selection and artificial selection • Give an example of a Homozygous dominant genotype • Is it possible to get a red and white holstein calf from a black and white cow? • The trait of birth weight has a heritability factor of 0.6, would it wise to try to improve your weaning weight through genetics? What tool would you use to choose sires that will improve weaning weight?