BELLWORK: 9/16

1. BELLWORK: 9/16 • Senator Stephen White of California was an extreme anti-imperialist and led the filibuster over the annexation of Hawaii. • He asked whether Americans forgot their own anti-colonial war for independence. What do you think he means by this? • Was the situation in Hawaii similar to America’s independence from England? Or had times changed? Was imperialism more acceptable at the time? Explain! VS. Notice any similarities?!?!? VS.

2. OPCVL Mishaps: Partner Discussion With a partner, analyze the following OPCVL statements and evaluate what is wrong – how could these statements be better? Be ready to discuss! • The purpose of Strong’s Western Supremacy is to “civilize and Christianize” the world. • The purpose of Galton’s source is to replace the “unfit.” • Galton’s origin makes the source valuable because it possesses a clear objective. • The source is valuable because it provides a justification for expansion. • This source is limited because there is bias. • This source is limited because it is racist. • The source is limited because it has a political agenda.

3. The Venezuelan Crisis The Monroe Doctrine in action!

4. Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and the river's drainage basin (shaded dark). Venezuela claimed territory up to the bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into modern day Venezuela

5. To learn more about this conflict, you are going to read the handout and take notes on important points. • It is up to you…. Annotate or outline notes • Be ready to discuss on Wednesday! • Also, be ready to analyze how you view U.S. involvement in the conflict. Venezuelan Crisis of 1895

6. Explain the main cause of the Venezuelan Crisis. • How did the U.S. use the Monroe Doctrine during the crisis? How did England respond to its use? • What did the US House of Representatives Resolution 252 Rule? Why did Britain agree to this? • Who (or which countries) made up the arbitration Tribunal? Who was missing? Why? • What was the outcome of the Venezuelan Crisis? • THINKER: In your opinion, why were Venezuelans and reps from British Guiana left out of arbitration? Would the outcome have been different if they were allowed to participate? BELLWORK: September 18th

7. The Venezuelan Crisis The Monroe Doctrine in action!

8. 1) Explain the main cause of the Venezuelan Crisis.

9. Just after the U.S. officially annexed Hawaii, they became involved in another area of the Americas…… VENEZUELA!! • This crisis revolved around the long standing dispute with England over the territory of Guyana Essequibo, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. • Not only will the U.S. demonstrate imperialistic powers, but they also used the Monroe Doctrine! Venezuelan Crisis of 1895

10. Claims in 1810

11. Map of Guyana, showing the Essequibo River and the river's drainage basin (shaded dark). Venezuela claimed territory up to the bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into modern day Venezuela

12. Venezuela argued that their border was actually the Essequibo River Britain argued their boundary was the Orinoco River based on Schomburgk Line

13. This territory was disputed for over half a century, but it never called for conflict until………… GOLD WAS DISCOVERED!!!

14. U.S. was concerned over British ships stationed in Nicaraguan ports

16. 2) How did the U.S. use the Monroe Doctrine during the crisis? How did England respond to its use?

17. US Secretary of State Olney British Colonel Chamberlain • “Today the United States is practically sovereign on this continent. . . The vital interests of the United States are involved, and the United States must intervene.” • From Olney’s document, which became known as “Olney’s 20 inch gun” • “The government of the United States is not entitled to affirm … that its interests are concerned … simply because they are situated in the Western Hemisphere.” • In his reply to Olney’s doc. How did the U.S. use the Monroe Doctrine?

18. 3) What did the US House of Representatives Resolution 252 Rule? Why did Britain agree to this?

19. Settle dispute through arbitration! • President Cleveland asked Congress to fund a commission to study the boundaries • January 1896: British government recognized US right to intervene in dispute & supported arbitration. US House of Reps Resolution 252 To what extent is arbitration an effective method in settling disputes?

20. 2 Venezuelan Reps (chosen by U.S. Supreme Court) 2 British Reps (chosen by the British government) Head member (chosen by other 4)  Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court 4) Who (or which countries) made up the arbitration Tribunal? Who was missing? Why?

21. 6) THINKER: In your opinion, why were Venezuelans and reps from British Guiana left out of arbitration? Would the outcome have been different if they were allowed to participate?

22. 5) What was the outcome of the Venezuelan Crisis?

23. Tribunal gave Britain almost 90% of the disputed territory. • The Schomburgk Line was re-established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela. Outcome of Venezuelan Crisis

24. The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute was the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy was used • particularly in the Americas region - marking the United States as a world power. • This was the earliest example of interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine • Made US goals clear – sphere of influence! What did this mean for the U.S.?

25. Why do you think the U.S. sided with Britain even though it contradicted the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? • Which theory(ies) of expansion relate to America’s involvement in Venezuela? How could the U.S. government use these theories to justify their involvement in the crisis? Explain! Partner Discussion

26. Analyze the political cartoon (also on last page of reading). What does this say about U.S. and British efforts in Venezuela?