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Creating a Dynastic State in England

Creating a Dynastic State in England. From the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy to a Recognizable Monarchy, 410-1603. Anglo Saxon Britain. Just prior to Visigoth sack of Rome in 410, Roman troops were withdrawn from England (408) Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invade British Isles

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Creating a Dynastic State in England

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  1. Creating a Dynastic State in England From the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy to a Recognizable Monarchy, 410-1603

  2. Anglo Saxon Britain • Just prior to Visigoth sack of Rome in 410, Roman troops were withdrawn from England (408) • Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invade British Isles • Age of many kings, but no king of England • Sometimes a given king would have great power over other kingdoms—such as Aethelberht, King of Kent. • Seven Kingdoms emerge

  3. ANGLO-SAXON HEPTARCHY

  4. Laws of Aethelberht • [Theft of] God's property and the church's shall be compensated twelve-fold; a bishop's property eleven-fold, a priest's property nine-fold; a deacon's property six-fold, a clerk's property three-fold. Breach of the peace shall be compensated doubly when if affects a church or a meeting place. • 3. If the king is feasting at anyone's house, and any sort of offense is committed there, two-fold compensation shall be paid. • 4. If a freeman robs the king, he shall pay back a nine-fold amount. • 5. If one man slays another on the king's premises, he shall pay 50 shillings compensation. • 6. If a man slays a free man, he shall pay 50 shillings to the king for infraction of his seignorial rights. • 10. If a man lies with a maiden belonging to the king, he shall pay 50 shillings compensation. • 11. If she is a grinding slave he shall pay 25 shilllings [if she is of the] third [class], [he shall pay] 12 shillings compensation. • 13. If one man slays another on the premises of a nobleman, he shall pay 12 shillings compensation. • 14. If a man lies with a nobleman's serving maid. he shall pay 12 shillings compensation.

  5. Alfred the Great (871-899) • King of Wessex who wielded power over all of Heptarchy • Defeated Vikings (Danes) • Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm • Began the English Navy • Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure of stability)

  6. Alfred the Great

  7. From Alfred to William, 899-1066 • Alfred’s successors were not great rulers—Ethelred the Redeless (stupid), for example—and the Vikings under King Cnut actually assumed control of the realm. • Cnut’s successor had no heirs and created a question of who would become king • 3 candidates: Harold Hardrada, Harold Godwinson of Wessex, William, Duke of Normandy • William wins Battle of Hastings, October 1066

  8. Battle of Hastings—Gory but Important

  9. Introduced Norman Feudalism into England—emphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath) Domesday Survey Great Council created out of Witan Curia Regis established Much central authority compared to earlier governmental arrangements in England William I—King of England (1066-1087)

  10. Henry I (1100-1135)—further growth in Monarchical Power • Curia Regis grows in power • Nobles’ Revolt Crushed • Kings Court established with system of Itinerant Justices (uniform laws) • Office of Exchequer (Treasury) • His death is followed with 19 years of civil war

  11. Ended Civil War, broke baronial power Extensive landholdings in France as well as England Further legal reforms including extending common law through realm Struggled with Church over whose law governed a churchman accused of a crime—led to murder of Thomas Becket Henry II (1154-1189)

  12. Henry II (1154-1189) and Eleanor

  13. English nobles reclaim power—1189-1272 • Richard spent time on Crusades; John was weak and had to sign Magna Carta • Henry III (1216-1272) was dominated by pope and barons • Henry’s main contribution to the English monarchy was fathering a son, Edward I (1272-1307)

  14. Edward I (1272-1307) • This is “Longshanks” in Braveheart • Justinian of England • 1295—Model Parliament (King rules with advice and consent of the realm) • Statute of Mortmain (1297)—no lone could leave land to church without permission

  15. Edward II (1307-1327) • Weak ruler—nobles assert power • Blamed for loss to Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn in 1314 • Murded by Isabella (his own wife) and her lover Roger Mortimer (Earl of March)

  16. Edward III (1327-1377) • Strong King, quelled baronial revolt • Public ceremonies popular with commoners and nobles • Fought 100 Years War against French Nobles

  17. Edward III—The Warrior King

  18. Pattern of History? • Strong Kings built institutions (curia regis) and political culture (king ruling with parliament) that survived weak kings • How to break cycle of strong king/weak king • Richard II (weak), Edward IV (Strong but died young), Edward V (dominated by French advisors), Richard III (shady character but vilified more by those who came after him) • Wars of the Roses-Tudor Dynasty

  19. Tudor Dynasty • Henry VII (1485-1509) • Henry VIII (1509-1547) • Edward VI (1547-1552) • Mary (1552-1558) • Elizabeth I (1558-1603) • Tudor Revolution in Government • Propaganda

  20. Propaganda and William Shakespeare • Shakespeare and Tudors create effective national mythology within context of political culture • Richard II, Edward IV, and Edward IV are seen as either excessively weak or dominated by French Advisors • Shakespeare suggests that English nation is better off with Tudors

  21. Church & State in England • Distance from Rome gave state leverage on Church • Church was dominant institution from 400-871 • Powerful kings avoided alienating church—stealing lands, for example; only Henry II challenged church leaders in the Middle Ages. • Kings put institutions in place that didn’t challenge church but provided for stronger monarchical government • By the time a true dynastic state emerged (Tudor Dynasty) the church as a political force was losing ground to emerging nationalism and the Reformation

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