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Population as a System

Births. In-migrants. Inputs. Population Gain. +. +. Total Population. Processes & Stores. _. _. Natural Change. Migrational Change. Population Loss. Outputs. Deaths. Out-migrants. Population as a System.

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Population as a System

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  1. Births In-migrants Inputs Population Gain + + Total Population Processes & Stores _ _ Natural Change Migrational Change Population Loss Outputs Deaths Out-migrants Population as a System Task 1: After discussing the terminology above, complete worksheet-’Population as a system’

  2. Factors affecting fertility Population fertility (A factor affecting population change) Measurements of fertility: Crude birth rate is the common method of measuring fertility. CBR = Total number of births X1000 or X100(%) Total population CBR does not take into account the age and gender (sex) of the population. In 1997 this was 24 per 1000.

  3. Crude Birth Rates 1991

  4. Birth rate figures

  5. Crude Birth Rates - Asia Annual births per 1,000 population 40.00 to 53.00  28.00 to 39.99  21.00 to 27.99  13.00 to 20.99   8.00 to 12.99

  6. CRUDE BR - ASIA Birth Rate (births per 1,000 population) Afghanistan 42 Bangladesh 29 Bhutan 37 Brunei 25 Burma 29 Cambodia 42 China 16 Hong Kong 13 India 26 Indonesia 23 Sri Lanka 18 Taiwan 15 Thailand 17 Vietnam 22 Iran 31 Japan 10 Laos 41 Macau 13 Malaysia 27 Maldives 40 Mongolia 24 Nepal 36 North Korea 17 Pakistan 34 Philippines 28 Singapore 14 South Korea 16 Task 2: List the CBR from 5 countries that you are likely to remember in Asia. You must be able to remember these for your exam.

  7. CRUDE BR - EUROPE Annual births per 1,000 population 40.00 to 53.00  28.00 to 39.99  21.00 to 27.99  13.00 to 20.99  8.00 to 12.99

  8. CRUDE BR - EUROPE Birth rate (births per 1,000 population) Albania 21 Austria 10 Belgium 10 Bosnia 9 Croatia 10 Denmark 12 Finland 11 France 12 Germany 9 Greece 10 Hungary 11 Iceland 15 Ireland 13 Italy 9 Luxembourg 11 Netherlands 12 Norway 13 Poland 10 Portugal 11 Russia 28 Serbia 13 Spain 10 Sweden 12 Switzerland 11 Ukraine 10 UK 12 Task 3: List the CBR from 5 countries that you are likely to remember in Europe

  9. Crude birth rate: number of live births per 1000 people per year.http://www.undp.org/ • Crude due to not taking into account pop structure (i.e. whole pop used) and many births not registered in LEDCs. Task 4: Look at page 357 in Waugh Third edition (fig 13.19 and describe (say what you see) the patterns of crude birth rate globally. Use continents, countries, compass directions, coastal etc and relate to key areas around the world.

  10. Total fertility rate is the number of children born to a women during her lifetime (Child bearing years is usually referred to as 15-50). Hence more accurate than Crude Birth rate. • TFR obviously varies across the world and currently the world TFR is 3.1. The TFR for the UK is 1.8 and in Sierra Leone (West Africa) it is 6.5. • Age specific fertility rate (ASFR) is a measure of the number of children born to each age group, in relation to the number of woman in that age group Seven age groups are conventionally used across the span 15-49 years. ASFRs are normally expressed as per 1000 women in each age group. More definitions

  11. Age Specific Fertility Rates

  12. General Fertility Rate (GFR) • Is the number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years) in a specific year. Task 5: Handout worksheet ‘Fertility’3a-Students to read and answer the questions. Task 6: Complete all questions on the ‘Fertility questions’ Worksheet 3b Task 7 (Short H/W task): Go to the website on the worksheet (7), and complete the missing figures.

  13. Replacement level fertility–When there is just enough children born to balance the numbers that die i.e. keep the population totals constant. The figure is about 2.1(TFR). The figure is over 2 due to child mortality rates/females dying during the child bearing period and therefore some females do not go through the full child bearing age and have less children and on average there are slightly more boys than girls born. Example 100 females have 210 children and 10 die before they reach child bearing age etc.

  14. The replacement rate is not met in the following countries: UK (TFR) 1.7, China and Germany 1.3 , Spain and Italy 1.3. • Task 8: View the graphs on page 47 P,R & D and describe the changes and predicted changes since 1955 in replacement levels. Try and give reasons for this trend. • Task 9: Using pages 51 and 52 of Pop, resources and development, make notes under the following headings: • Demographic factors • Sociocultural factors • Economic factors

  15. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE 1996

  16. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

  17. PERCENTAGE CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, 1997

  18. Abortion Laws Task 10: Hand out worksheet 4c-Factors affecting Fertility – Sexual union-Students read & highlight and staple into their workbooks

  19. Fertility Rates and Education Levels

  20. Spatial patterns of fertility: Aims: To understand the broad, global patterns of fertility and be able to describe and account for these patterns (See page 28 in booklet). • Age of marriage e.g. marriage generally is younger in sub Saharan Africa than Europe. • Monogamy/Pologamy (e.g. muslims having more than one wife) • Widowhood/divorce • Spousal separation (i.e away working elsewhere e.g. urban migrants in LEDCs. • Coital frequency (how often you have sex) • Post birth abstinence (not wanting sex after a child) • Natural sterility (Inability to conceive or have a child) • Pathological sterility (Disease related due to infections e.g. gonorrhoea) • Lactational amenorrhea (can’t get pregnant whilst breast feeding • Contraceptive use • Spontaneous abortion • Induced abortion • Emancipation of women/status of women (Freedom)/ religious beliefs/literacy rates. • Government policies- (see sheet) • The value of children • Ways in which birth rates can be changed. • Economic cost of children • Level of education • Nature of Employment • Type of residence • Religious beliefs • Health care • Family status.

  21. Task 11: Produce a table placing each factor of fertility in the correct column. (Columns should be, biological, economic, socio-cultural, political) Fertility trends and their effects on population trends. Task: Pages 10-13 (Human systems) Read and perform the four tasks. Teacher Note: Hand out ‘How Fertility is influenced by different factors sheet’ 4a

  22. Factors affecting fertility

  23. The value of having Children Categories the factors below into the table above Security in old age Overcrowding of family residence Living through children Food, clothing & shelter all have to be provided Continuation of family name Marital bonds strengthened Help with domestic chores Emotional strain Companionship, love, happiness Disciplinary problems Mental strain Expense of education Fulfilment Incentive to succeed Loss of parental wage earnings Parents feeling tied down Financial contribution to household Task 12: On the worksheet, place the factors on the right in the correct box(Worksheet 4b)

  24. Answers

  25. Homework-Research and Present: • In pairs, you will be given one of the following continents: • Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Oceania. • Choose 5 countries from your continent and find out their fertility rates. http://www.undp.org: • Use an outline map to show the countries • Give factors, be as specific as you can to explain the fertility rates from research, knowledge and articles in the booklet. • Present this as a PPT, and print handout slides for other students and present your findings to the rest of the group.

  26. Homework : View a fertility map. Using the map and fertility rates from the sheet etc. http://www.undp.org: Use the information from the presentations to answer the structured essay question found on page 38 of your booklet. Get map and question off link and learn. For exam question must include: Describe: General spatial pattern TFRs including listing countries. Geographical patterns, areas of the world, continents, tropical regions etc. similarities between regions.

  27. Explanation: Refer to specific countries within continents. Explain why TFR are high or low (i.e. the factors which contribute to this) Use both general and specific examples. Use the terminology requested e.g. environmental, economic, social, cultural, political factors e.g. China’s decrease in TFR is influenced by the political factor of the governments intervention of the One Child Policy. etc,.

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