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Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Anatomy & Physiology Mrs. Halkuff. Month. Monthly Probability. Cumulative Probability. 1. 0.2. 0.20. 2. 0.2. 0.36. 3. 0.2. 0.49. 4. 0.2. 0.59. 5. 0.2. 0.67. 6. 0.2. 0.74. 7. 0.2. 0.79. 8. 0.2. 0.83. 9. 0.2. 0.86.

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Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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  1. Infertility & Assisted Reproductive Technologies Anatomy & Physiology Mrs. Halkuff

  2. Month Monthly Probability Cumulative Probability 1 0.2 0.20 2 0.2 0.36 3 0.2 0.49 4 0.2 0.59 5 0.2 0.67 6 0.2 0.74 7 0.2 0.79 8 0.2 0.83 9 0.2 0.86 10 0.2 0.89 11 0.2 0.91 12 0.2 0.93 Infertility • The inability to conceive after 1 year of properly timed, unprotected intercourse. • Fecundity Rate: The monthly probability of conception with a healthy couple is 20%. • After 12 months, 93% of couples will conceive.

  3. Female Causes of Infertility • Fallopian Tube Blockage/Damage • Can keep sperm from reaching egg. • Can cause a fertilized egg to implant in the fallopian tube resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. • Can be caused by STI’s such as chlamydia.

  4. Female Causes of Infertility • Endometriosis • Uterine tissue implants & grows outside the uterus • Affects ovary, fallopian tube, & uterine function. • The implants respond to hormones, shedding & bleeding in sync with the uterus. • Causes inflammation, pain, scarring, & infertility.

  5. Female Causes of Infertility • Ovulation Disorders • Anovulation: No egg is released from the ovaries. • Caused by • Abnormal/low levels of hormones (LH/FSH) • Tumors • Excessive exercise • Malnutrition

  6. Female Causes of Infertility • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) • Many small cysts in the ovaries • Eggs do not mature in the follicles. • Follicles turn into cysts. • Higher than normal levels of androgens (male hormones)

  7. Male Causes of Infertility • Impaired Shape & Movement of Sperm • Keeps sperm from reaching & penetrating the egg.

  8. Male Causes of Infertility • Low Sperm Concentration • 20 million sperm/ml is normal • Below 10 million sperm/ml is low sperm count. • 40 million sperm/ml is high fertility.

  9. Male Causes of Infertility • Undescended Testicle • One or both testicles fail to descend from the abdominal cavity during fetal development. • Testes are exposed to high temperatures. • Affects sperm production.

  10. Male Causes of Infertility • Infections • Cause scarring & block sperm passages. • Inflammation of the testicles, prostate, urethra, & epididymis • Caused by: • STI’s (Gonorrhea & Chlamydia)

  11. Artificial Insemination • Seminal fluid is inserted into the female body for the purpose of pregnancy by means other than sexual intercourse. • Intravaginal • Intracervical • Intrauterine • Intratubal • Used when the infertility is male related.

  12. In Vitro Fertilization • Eggs & sperm are harvested from the male & female and manually combined in a petri dish. • Usually several eggs are fertilized. • A decision must be made regarding the number of embryos to implant into the uterus. • Remaining embryos can be frozen.

  13. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection • Egg is injected with a single sperm. • A special needle is used to insert the sperm into the cytoplasm of the egg. • Embryo is transferred into the female uterus.

  14. Miscarriage • Spontaneous loss of fetus before 20 weeks. • Most are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. • Most occur before 7 weeks. • 50% of all fertilized eggs are miscarried, usually before the female knows she is pregnant. • 15-20% of miscarriages are known miscarriages.

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