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The OAIS Reference Model: an introduction

The OAIS Reference Model: an introduction. Michael Day, Digital Curation Centre UKOLN, University of Bath m.day@ukoln.ac.uk DLF and Reference Models meeting, One Great George Street, London, 25 January 2006. Presentation outline. The OAIS Reference Model Background

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The OAIS Reference Model: an introduction

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  1. The OAIS Reference Model: an introduction Michael Day,Digital Curation CentreUKOLN, University of Bathm.day@ukoln.ac.uk DLF and Reference Models meeting, One Great George Street, London, 25 January 2006

  2. Presentation outline • The OAIS Reference Model • Background • Definitions, high level concepts, mandatory responsibilities • Functional Model • Information Model • Implementing the model: • Preservation metadata • Informing system design • Conformance and certification DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  3. OAIS background • Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) • Development led by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) • Issued as CCSDS Recommendation (Blue Book) 650.0-B-1 (January 2002) • Also adopted as: ISO 14721:2003 • http://public.ccsds.org/publications/archive/650x0b1.pdf DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  4. OAIS definitions • Provides definitions of terms that need to have well-defined meanings, e.g.: • Archival Storage, Content Data Object, Designated Community (key term), Ingest, Metadata, Representation Information, etc. • OAIS = "An archive, consisting of an organization of people and systems, that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a Designated Community" (OAIS 1.7.2) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  5. OAIS high level concepts (1) • The environment of an OAIS (Producers, Consumers, Management) • Definitions of information, Information Objects and their relationship with Data Objects • Definitions of Information Packages, conceptual containers of Content Information and Preservation Description Information DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  6. OAIS high level concepts (2) Information Package Concepts and Relationships (Figure 2-3) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  7. OAIS mandatory responsibilities • Negotiating and accepting information • Obtaining sufficient control of the information to ensure long-term preservation • Determining the "designated community" • Ensuring that information is independently understandable, i.e. without the assistance of those who produced it • Following documented policies and procedures • Making the preserved information available DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  8. OAIS Functional Model (1) • Six entities • Ingest • Archival Storage • Data Management • Administration • Preservation Planning • Access • Described using UML diagrams DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  9. OAIS Functional Model (2) PRODUCER CONSUMER Preservation Planning DIP Descriptive info. Descriptive info. Access queries Data Management SIP result sets Ingest orders Archival Storage SIP AIP AIP SIP DIP Administration MANAGEMENT OAIS Functional Entities (Figure 4-1) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  10. OAIS Information Model (1) • Information Object (basic concept): • Data Object (bit-stream) • Representation Information (permits “the full interpretation of Data Object into meaningful information”) • Information Object Classes: • Content Information • Preservation Description Information (PDI) • Packaging Information • Descriptive Information DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  11. OAIS Information Model (2) • Information package: • Container that encapsulates Content Information and PDI • Packages for submission (SIP), archival storage (AIP) and dissemination (DIP) • AIP = “... a concise way of referring to a set of information that has, in principle, all of the qualities needed for permanent, or indefinite, Long Term Preservation of a designated Information Object” DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  12. OAIS Information Model (3) • Archival Information Package (AIP): • Content Information • Original target of preservation • Information Object (Data Object & Representation Information) • Preservation Description Information (PDI) • other information (metadata) “which will allow the understanding of the Content Information over an indefinite period of time” • A set of Information Objects • Based on categories discussed in CPA/RLG report: Preserving Digital Information (1996) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  13. OAIS Information Model (4) Preservation Description Information Reference Information Provenance Information Context Information Fixity Information PDI Preservation Description Information (Figure 4-16) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  14. OAIS Information Model (5) • Also defines: • Archival Information Units and Archival Information Collections • Information Package transformations, e.g. for Ingest and Access • Preservation perspectives: • Migration, e.g refreshment, replication, repackaging, transformation • Preservation of look and feel (e.g., emulation, virtual machines) • Archive interoperability, e.g. federation DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  15. Implementing OAIS (1) • Fundamentals: • OAIS is a reference model (conceptual framework), NOT a blueprint for system design • It informs the design of system architectures, the development of systems and components • It provides common definitions of terms … a common language, means of making comparison • But it does NOT ensure consistency or interoperability between implementations DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  16. Implementing OAIS (2) • ISO 14721:2003, published in early 2003 - follows the text made available by the CCSDS • However, the earlier versions of the model made available by the CCSDS informed implementations long before then • Three broad areas of influence: • Preservation metadata schemas • Architecture and system design • Conformance criteria for repositories DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  17. Implementing OAIS - metadata • The OAIS Information Model has been used to inform the development of many preservation metadata schemas, e.g.: • Draft schemas developed by the National Library of Australia, Cedars project, NEDLIB project, etc. • METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard) interpreted as an implementation of the OAIS Information Package concept • Information Model explicitly used for the structure of the OCLC/RLG Metadata Framework (2002) • Different approach taken by PREMIS Data Dictionary (2005) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  18. Implementing OAIS - systems (1) • Two main uses (to date): • To analyse existing preservation management practices • Helps with the comparison of repositories and the identification of important gaps • Studies of BADC, UK Data Archive, … • "It is assumed that implementers will use this reference model as a guide while developing a specific implementation to provide identified services and content" (OAIS 1.4) • Examples … DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  19. Implementing OAIS - systems (2) • Stanford Digital Repository • "OAIS-compliant" system for managing digitised objects • OCLC Digital Archive Service • Subscription service claimed to be "Based on OAIS" • Harvard University Library • XML-based Submission Information Package for e-journals • Cedars project • Distributed archive prototype - Representation nets • DCC RI Registry/Repository, DSpace, KB e-Depot, … DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  20. Implementing OAIS - conformance (1) • Many repositories or preservation tools claim OAIS compliance: • e.g., DSpace, OCLC Digital Archive, METS • LOCKSS System has produced a "formal statement of conformance to ISO 14721:2003" (lockss.stanford.edu/) • The OAIS model claims to be a basis for conformance (OAIS 1.4), e.g.: • Supporting the information model (OAIS 2.2), • Fulfilling mandatory responsibilities (OAIS 3.1) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  21. Implementing OAIS - conformance (2) • OAIS Mandatory Responsibilities: • Negotiating and accepting information • Obtaining sufficient control of the information to ensure long-term preservation • Determining the "designated community" • Ensuring that information is independently understandable • Following documented policies and procedures • Making the preserved information available DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  22. Implementing OAIS - conformance (3) • OCLC/RLG Digital Archive Attributes Working Group • Trusted Digital Repositories report (2002) • Recommended the development of a process for the certification of digital repositories • Audit model • Standards model • Goes well beyond OAIS mandatory responsibilities • e.g., administrative responsibility, organisational viability, financial sustainability, system security, etc. DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  23. Implementing OAIS - conformance (4) • RLG-NARA Task Force on Digital Repository Certification • Research Libraries Group (RLG) and the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). • To define certification model and process • Identify those things that need to be certified (attributes, processes, functions, etc.) • Develop a certification process (organisational implications) • Draft checklist for self certification (August 2005), being tested by various projects in US, also by DCC DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  24. Some personal comments (1) • Conformance with the OAIS model is often cited by digital preservation efforts (e.g. DSpace, METS) - but, given the nature of the model, can these claims be meaningful? • At present, the model is best seen as a means of comparison between repositories, or a means of judging progress (e.g. Data Archive, BADC) • Sometimes interpreters of the model seem reluctant to acknowledge that it could be improved DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  25. Some personal comments (2) • OAIS mandatory responsibilities do not seem to identify all relevant criteria - but, together with the additional requirements now developed by the RLG-NARA Task Force, could be used in the future as a starting point for conformance • There may be a need for periodic revision, some clarification of definitions, possibly some comment from the archives world (who can be very critical of the metadata frameworks based on it) DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  26. Key links: • OAIS Reference Model: http://public.ccsds.org/publications/archive/650x0b1.pdf • DPC Technology Watch Report on OAIS model by Brian Lavoie (OCLC Research):http://www.dpconline.org/ • RLG/NARA Task Force on Digital Repository Certification:http://www.rlg.org/ DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  27. Reference models for digital libraries - a brief overview of recent DELOS activities Michael Day,Digital Curation CentreUKOLN, University of Bathm.day@ukoln.ac.uk DLF and Reference Models meeting, One Great George Street, London, 25 January 2006

  28. DELOS/NSF Working Group • DELOS/NSF working group on Reference Models for Digital Libraries • WG co-ordinated by José Borbinha and John Kunze • Final Report (July 2003) looked at actors and roles • Actor = "a person, organization, or automaton playing a role in the production, dissemination, management or use of digital information" • http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/intl.html DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  29. DLMS Reference Model (1) • Reference Model for Digital Library Management Systems • DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries (IST Project) • Work being undertaken by DELOS Digital Library Architecture cluster (WP1) • Partners = ISTI-CNR, University of Athens, University of Glasgow, UMIT • Claim that they will establish liaisons with other DELOS partners and at international level • Very little detail on this to date … DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  30. DLMS Reference Model (2) • Brief overview: • Mainly concerned with the heterogeneity of existing DL systems, i.e. getting DLs and DL components to work together • There is a "… lack of any agreement on the foundations for Digital Library Management Systems • Project (one of many in JPA2) will define a formal and conceptual framework • From three perspectives: end users, system administrators, software engineers • Some detail at: http://www.delos.info/reports/Research_Activities_2005.pdf DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  31. DLMS Reference Model (3) Highest Level Concepts: Source: Castelli, et al. (2005) in DELOS Research Activities 2005 DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  32. DLMS Reference Model (4) • DELOS brainstorming meeting on the European Digital Library • December 2005 • Recommended the establishment of "a unified service-oriented framework for all digital library projects sponsored by the European Commission …" (Recommendation 14) • This "… lists mandatory and optional DL components … describes the functionality of these components within a conceptual framework" • More information: http://www.delos.info/eventlist/DELOSBrainstormingReport_Final.pdf DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

  33. Links • DELOS Research Activities 2005: http://www.delos.info/reports/Research_Activities_2005.pdf • DELOS Recommendations and Observations for a European digital Library (EDL): http://www.delos.info/eventlist/DELOSBrainstormingReport_Final.pdf • DELOS Digital Library Architecture: http://ii.umit.at/research/delos_website DLF and Reference Models, London, 25 January 2006

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