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2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Math Skills

3. Introduction to Science Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 The Nature of Science Section 2 The Way Science Works Section 3 Organizing Data

6. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Objectives • Describe the main branches of natural science and relate them to each other. • Describe the relationship between science and technology. • Distinguish between scientific laws and scientific theories. • Explain the roles of models and mathematics in scientific theories and laws.

7. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Bellringer Even before you started this course, you knew a lot about science because science and its effects surround everyone in our society. To help you tap this knowledge, answer the items below. 1. The term science encompasses many areas of study. Name four branches of science and briefly describe the topics that are studied in each. 2. Computer technology has changed the way many tasks are completed today. Name three other technological advances that have occurred since 1900 that have changed our lives significantly. 3. Scientific laws such as the law of gravity govern our daily lives. Name two additional laws of science that govern our lives.

8. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 How Does Science Take Place? • Scientists investigate. • Scientists plan experiments. • Scientists observe. • Scientists always test the results.

9. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 How Does Science Take Place? continued • Science has many branches. • Biological science is the science of living things. • Physical science is the science of matter and energy. • Earth science is the science of the Earth, the atmosphere, and weather. • Science is the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested.

10. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Natural Science Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

11. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Biology Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

12. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Physics Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

13. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Earth Sciences Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

14. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 How Does Science Take Place? continued • Science and technology work together. • Some scientists practice pure science defined as the continuing search for scientific knowledge. • Some scientists and engineers practice applied science defined as the search for ways to use scientific knowledge for practical applications. • Technology is the application of science for practical purposes.

15. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Scientific Laws and Theories • Laws and theories are supported by experimental results. • Scientific theories are always being questioned and examined. To be valid, a theory must: • explain observations • be repeatable • be predictable

16. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Scientific Laws and Theories, continued • Scientific law a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work • Scientific theory an explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning

17. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Comparing Theories and Laws Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

18. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Scientific Laws and Theories, continued • Mathematics can describe physical events. • A qualitative statement describes something with words. • A quantitative statement describes something with mathematical equations.

19. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Scientific Laws and Theories, continued • Theories and laws are always being tested. • Models can represent physical events. • A model is a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event. • Scientists use physical and computer models to study objects and events.

20. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Models Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

21. Section 1 The Nature of Science Chapter 1 Physical, Mathematical, and Conceptual Models Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

22. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Objectives • Understand how to use critical thinking skills to solve problems. • Describe the steps of the scientific method. • Know some of the tools scientists use to investigate nature. • Explain the objective of a consistent system of units, and identify the SI units for length, mass, and time. • Identify what each common SI prefix represents, and convert measurements.

23. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Bellringer Your teacher has given you the following assignment: Investigate the impact on plant growth of adding various amounts of fertilizer to potted plants. Think about what you would need to do to be certain that the fertilizer was having the impact on the plant growth. Then answer the items below.

24. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Bellringer Place a Y besides items that would be part of your plan to investigate plant height and fertilizer. Place a N besides items that will not help you investigate this particular connection. a. _______ Put one plant in a sunny windowsill and one in a dark corner. b. _______ Give plants the same amounts of water. c. _______ Give different plants different amounts of fertilizer without keeping track of which plant got extra fertilizer. d. _______ Use some new plants from seeds and some old plants that have been growing for months. e. _______ Start with plants that are the same size. f. _______ Keep all plants in a similar location. g. _______ Carefully note amounts of fertilizer each plant is given. h. _______ Keep one plant fertilized but with no water.

25. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Bellringer 2. Name at least five tools or supplies will you need to perform this experiment. 3. What quantities will be measured, and what units will you use to record these measurements?

26. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Science Skills • Critical Thinking • Scientists approach a problem by thinking logically. • Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims critically and to make judgments on the basis of objective and supported reasons.

27. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Science Skills, continued • Using the scientific method • The scientific methodis a general description of scientific thinking rather than an exact path for scientists to follow. • Scientific method a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

28. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Scientific Method Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

29. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Science Skills, continued • Testing hypotheses • Scientists test a hypothesis by doing a controlled experiment. • In a controlled experiment, all the factors that could affect the experiment are kept constant except for one change. • Hypothesis a possible explanation or answer that can be tested • Variable a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis

30. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Hypothesis Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

31. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Controlled Experiment and Variable Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

32. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Science Skills, continued • Conducting experiments • No experiment is a failure • The results of every experiment can be used to revise the hypothesis or plan tests of a different variable.

33. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Science Skills, continued • Using scientific tools • There are many tools used by scientists for making observations, including • microscopes • telescopes • spectroscopes • particle accelerators • computers

34. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Units of Measurement • SI units are used for consistency. • Scientists use the International System of Units (SI) to make sharing data and results easier.

35. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 SI (Le Système Internationale d’Unités)

36. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Units of Measurement, continued SI prefixes are for very large and very small measurements. • The table below shows SI prefixes for large measurements.

37. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Units of Measurement, continued • The table below shows SI prefixes for small measurements.

38. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Math Skills Conversions A roll of copper wire contains 15 m of wire. What is the length of the wire in centimeters? 1. List the given and unknown values. Given: length in meters, l = 15 m Unknown: length in centimeters = ? cm

39. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Math Skills 2. Determine the relationship between units. Looking at the table of prefixes used for small measurements, you can find that 1 cm = 0.01 m. This also means that 1 m = 100 cm. You will multiply because you are converting from a larger unit (meters) to a smaller unit (centimeters) 3. Write the equation for the conversion. length in cm = m 

40. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Math Skills 4. Insert the known values into the equation, and solve. length in cm = 15 m  length in cm = 1500 cm

41. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Units of Measurement, continued • Making measurements • Many observations rely on quantitative measurements. • Length a measure of the straight-line distance between two points • Mass a measure of the amount of matter in an object • Volume a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space • Weight a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

42. Section 2 The Way Science Works Chapter 1 Volume Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

43. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Objectives • Interpret line graphs, bar graphs, and pie charts. • Use scientific notation and significant figures in problem solving. • Identify the significant figures in calculations. • Understand the difference between precision and accuracy.

44. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Bellringer Imagine your teacher asked you to study how providing different amounts of fertilizer affected the heights of plants. You perform a study and collect the data shown in the table below. Use this data to answer the items that follow.

45. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Bellringer, continued 1. Which amount of fertilizer produced the tallest plants? 2. Which amount of fertilizer produced the smallest plants? 3. Plot the data on a grid like the one below. 4. Describe the overall trend as more fertilizer is added to the plants.

46. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Presenting Scientific Data • Line graphs are best for continuous change. • Line graphs are usually made with the x-axis showing the independent variable and the y-axis showing the dependent variable. • The values of the dependent variable depend on what happens in the experiment. • The values of the independent variable are set before the experiment takes place.

47. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Line Graph

48. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Presenting Scientific Data, continued • Bar graphs compare items. • A bar graph is useful for comparing similar data for several individual items or events. • A bar graph can make clearer how large or small the differences in individual values are.

49. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Bar Graph

50. Section 3 Organizing Data Chapter 1 Presenting Scientific Data, continued • Pie charts show parts of a whole. • A pie chart is ideal for displaying data that are parts of a whole. • Data in a pie chart is presented as a percent.