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A Woman’s Struggles . By: Amber Moore, Courtney White & Devina Flores . Participation in the Civil Rights Movement . In the 1960’s women from all walks of life participated in the civil rights movement Women were important members of new groups such as: SNCC, SCLC, and NAACP
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A Woman’s Struggles By: Amber Moore, Courtney White & Devina Flores
Participation in the Civil Rights Movement • In the 1960’s women from all walks of life participated in the civil rights movement • Women were important members of new groups such as: SNCC, SCLC, and NAACP • They found themselves treated as second class citizens; men talked about women as if they were superior • Women eventually started making liberation/ traditional groups whose purpose was to improve rights for themselves.
Taking it to the Supremes • Initial efforts to convince the Supreme Court to give woman equal protection rights under the 14th amendment were unsuccessful • Hoyt v. Florida : Facts of the Case – Women were exempt from being apart of a jury and when Mrs. Hoyt was convicted by an all men jury, she thought the Florida statute was violating the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment. Decision- The court ruled in favor of Florida (9-0) stating “male- female disproportions on jury lists carried no constitutional significance.”
Gender Based Discrimination Since 1976 the Court has found the following kinds of practices as a violation of the 14th amendment: • Single-sex public nursing schools • Laws that consider males adults at 21 and females at 18 • Laws that allow women but not men to receive alimony • State prosecutor’s of peremptory challenges to reject men or women to create more sympathetic juries • Virginia's maintenance of an all-male military college the Virginia military institute • Different requirements for a child’s acquisition of citizenship based on whether the citizen parents is a mother or a father • The court has upheld the following governmental practices and laws • - draft registration provisions for males only • - state statutory rape laws that apply only to female victims
The Creation of NOW • In 1966 after the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce the law as it applied to sex discrimination. • Female activists formed the National Organization for Woman (NOW was modeled closely on the NAACP) • Two goals to achieve: - achievement of equality either by passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution - or by judicial decision
Timeline 1961: The President’s Commission on the Status of Women was created shortly after JFK was elected. (headed by former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt) 1964: The Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination based on not only race but sex. 1973: In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme court decided thatwomen had a right to privacy when it includes terminating a baby 1963: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan led women to question their lives in society and help them recognize something was wrong. 1972: Equal rights Amendment (ERA) bar discrimination against women by federal or state governments
Ending Quote “Woman have won important victories under the act, but a large wage gap between men and women continues to exist, as underscored women in 2004 earned less than 77% of what men earned.”
