Pre-industrial political power system: C 9 th -15 th A.D. : Feudalism:

1. Historically, why did developing countries fail to advance in their economic development while the AICs advanced? • World System Theory explains: • Power structure: Colonialism/Imperialism • Unequal Trade relations: Core vs. periphery • Technology: Manual/Industrial • ODL/NDL based on: • Racist ideology: Subjection/Dominance • Investment: Labour/Capital

2. Pre-industrial political power system: • C 9th -15th A.D. : Feudalism: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68VfakYDxd45 min 2010 • A system of political organization • Elite called a "lord" controlled the land • Common peasants, called "vassals" tilled the • lord’s land • These peasants were serfs and served as • warriors in the lord’s army • 16th C -Enclosure movement & cheap labour • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0nM5DU4ADI 9.4min

3. Major forces that shaped modern geopolitics: • 18th C: Two major forces: • Imperialism & the rise of Colonialism • Industrial revolution: • affected one-third of the world’s population. • 19thC– mid 20th C: • Colonial capitalism • Later 20th C : • Neo-liberalism • Global Corporate capitalism • Communication Revolution • affects most of the global population

4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO-4DkFh5ww 7min imperialism 2012 • Imperialism gave rise to global colonialism: • Colonial exploitation increased the colonizers’ • wealth through industrial revolution

5. Imperialists: • Established their colonies • Military & political control • Economic exploitation of colonial land and • labour

6. Colonialism (15th – 20thC) • A system in which a state claims • sovereignty over territory and • people outside its own boundaries.

7. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm Imperialism and the Balance of Power

8. L.Am:date of independence http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_American_independence_countries.PNG

9. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

10. 1939 http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/impandworld.htm#bargraphs

11. 1939 http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/impandworld.htm#bargraphs

12. What was the colonialist ideology? • Ideology of “White Man’s Burden” • “Cultural superiority of the West” • Rejection of the uniqueness of each country’s social and political culture

13. The White Man's Burden (R. Kipling’s poem) Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child. (7 stanzas) http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_burden1.htm

14. Colonialist ideology of Racial Superiority • What is White Man’s Burden? • It suggests that White people have a duty to rule over other ethnic/ cultural groups for advancing their cultural development by adopting the superior western values.

15. White Man’s Burden (cont’d) • A racist view of non-European people as childlike and demonic • a metaphor for a condescending view of non-Western cultures & economic traditions • Emphasizes European ascendancy and dominance known as "cultural imperialism".

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden

17. The white man's burden - a satirical view http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden

18. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc 3.3 min 2009 • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

19. Industrial revolution • Begins in 18th C • Establishment of the capitalist economy • Colonialism: • http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/342WorldHistoryModern.html • Industrial revolution dates and inventions: http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/ir/irchron.html

20. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

21. What is a nation state? • A state with a single national identity, • e.g.: In Switzerland and U.S.A: national identity despite religious, ethnic, or linguistic differences

22. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

23. Separation of church and state: The spheres of power of organized religion and the nation state are distinctly separated by conventions and judicial decisions: Thomas Jefferson (A Founding Father of the US) wrote in his letter to the Danbury Baptists Association in 1802: "wall of separation between church and state,"

24. Separation of church and state around the world. • States with no state religions • States with state religions • States with ambiguous data or no data http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Ancient_history

25. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAJVu9LK7WE) 4 min 2011 • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

26. Rule of law: (as a term, used since the 17th C) • No one is above the law

27. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

28. Governments’ Revenues in the Early 20th C : • Colonizers taxed their colonies (see, Map) • an important scholarly paper on how colonial non-slave labour was taxed • http://www.cfeps.org/pubs/wp-pdf/wp25-forstater.pdf

29. Government Revenues in the Early 20th Century: The size of the flag shows the relative size of the government's income http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/frnc-emp.htm

30. Africa in the Early Twentieth Century http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/afri1914.htm

31. Imperialism led to : • Colonialism • Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State: • Separation of the state from church • Rule of Law • Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom • Capital accumulation (from 19 C)

32. Today’s Emerging economies’ past: For 18 centuries until 1820, they produced 80% of world GDP • 18th C: Colonialism and Europe’s hegemony - In 1950 DW’s share fell to 40%. • Now, economies of Emerging Countries, e.g., India, Brazil & China: • Past 10 yrs: Rapid growth of their share of capital flows and trade in world market

35. China and India: • Re-Emerging economies • 2010: EM share of global GDP at PPP : 51%. • From the 21stC: the world's two biggest economies. http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/020711.htm

36. 2010 data http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/08/emerging-vs-developed-economies

37. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/06/straight.htmhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/06/straight.htm

38. Purchasing power parity (PPP) • A formula for comparing the purchasing power of different currencies • How?: It estimates the extent to which the exchange rate between countries have to be adjusted according to its currency’s purchasing power. • Why?: To measure the equivalence (parity) of currencies in terms of their purchasing power, i.e. • How much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in different countries? • When PPP rate is used, the amount of a country’s money thus has the same purchasing power in that country compared to that in other countries.

39. GDP and GDP growth rate 2010 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Billing/Analytics.aspx?Source=RankButtonInChart

41. Market economy: • primarily relies on interactions between buyers and sellers to allocate resources • World Market : • Commodity traded globally • Trade based on supply and demand • Bid for buying