Section 21.2: Clauses

1. Independent and Subordinate Clauses Section 21.2: Clauses

2. Outline of Section 21.2 • Clause • A group of words with its own subject and verb. • 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: • Independent Clause • Subordinate Clause • Adjective clause • Adverb clause • Noun clause

3. Adjective Clauses • Def: A subordinate clause that modifies a noun/pronoun by telling what kind or which one. • Usually begin w/ a relative pronoun • that, which, who, whom, whose • Sometimes begin w/ a relative adverb • before, since, when, where, why • Adjective clauses are set off by commas only when they’re not essential to the meaning of the sentence.

4. Identifying Adjective Clauses • Exercise #24 on page 469: • Algeria, which is a country in Africa, is a diverse combination of land, people, and culture. • What is the adjective clause? • which is a country in Africa • What is the relative pronoun in clause? • which

5. Identifying Adjective Clauses and the Words They Modify • We already understand that adjective clauses modify nouns/pronouns. • An adjective clause must closely follow the word it modifies. • Example • The book that was missing had turned up at last. • What is the adjective clause? • that was missing • What is the word modified? • book

6. Recognizing the Use of Relative Pronouns • We understand that relative pronouns usually start the adjective clause. • They connect adjective clauses to the words clauses modify. • They have 4 functions within the clause: • Subject • Direct objects • Objects of prepositions • Adjectives

7. Recognizing the Uses of Relative Pronouns • Ghana, whose people make their living mostly by farming, produces the most cocoa in the world. • Step 1: Identify your adj. clause. • whose people make their living mostly by farming • Step 2: What is the subject and verb in the clause? • Subject is people; verb is make • Step 3: What is the relative pronoun? • whose • Step 4: What is the function of the relative pronoun? • Is it a Subject? Direct Object? O.P.? Adjective? • Adjective. It modifies subject “people”.

8. Example #2 • This product, which makes up thirty-five percent of Ghana’s exports, provides more jobs for Ghana’s people than any other. • What is the adjective clause? • which makes up thirty-five percent of Ghana’s exports • What is the subject and verb of clause? • S: which; V: makes • What is the relative pronoun? • which • What is the function of which? • Is it a S; D.O.; O.P.; or ADJ.? • Subject

9. Last example… • However, many people, whom the big factories have attracted, have been migrating to the cities. • What is the adjective clause? • whom the big factories have attracted • What is the subject and verb in clause? • S: factories; v: have attracted • What is the relative pronoun of clause? • whom • What is the function of whom? • Is it a S; D.O.; O.P.; ADJ? • It’s a D.O. – You can also ask, “whom what?”

10. Recognizing the Use of Relative Adverbs • What are your relative adverbs? • before, since, when, where, why • Unlike a relative pronoun with 4 functions, a relative adverb only has one: an adverb. • A relative adverb modifies a verb within the clause. • The adjective clause in whole will still modify the word it closely follows.

11. Example • The street where Joyce lives is near the library. • Adjective clause? • where Joyce lives • Relative adverb? • where • Word modified by the relative adverb? • Lives • Word modified by the adjective clause? • street

12. Example #2 • Anna wouldn’t tell us the reason why she quit. • Adjective clause? • why she quit • Relative adverb? • why • Word modified by relative adverb? • quit • Word modified by adjective clause? • reason

13. Using Adjective Clauses to Combine Sentences • The letter will be mailed today. I wrote the letter. • The letter which I wrote will be mailed today. • Adjective clause? • which I wrote • Did I use a relative pronoun or relative adverb? • Relative pronoun – which • Word adjective clause modifies? • letter

14. Using Adjective Clauses to Combine Sentences • Tomorrow is the day. School starts then. • Tomorrow is the day when school starts. • Adjective clause? • when school starts • Relative pronoun or relative adverb? • Relative adverb – when • What word does my relative adverb modify in the adjective clause? • starts • What word does my adjective clause modify? • day

15. Outline of Section 21.2 • Clause • A group of words with its own subject and verb. • 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: • Independent Clause • Subordinate Clause • Adjective clause • Adverb clause • Noun clause

16. Adverb Clauses • Def: Subordinate clause that modifies a verb. • They all begin with subordinating conjunctions. • See pages 409 & 474 (make your list on index card) • May appear at the beginning, middle, or at end of sentence. • If at the beginning or middle, it’s set off by commas.

17. Identify the adverb clause & subordinating conjunction • The movie had already started when we arrived. • Adverb clause? • when we arrived • Subordinating conjunction? • when

18. What do adverb clauses modify? • They modify a verb, an adverb, or adjective. • They will be caught unless they can run faster. • Adverb clause? • unless they can run faster • What word does the adverb clause closely follow? • caught • What part of speech is the word? • It’s part of the verb phrase, so the clause modifies a verb.

19. Elliptical Adverb Clauses • Elliptical clause: A clause in which the verb or the subject and verb are understood but not actually stated. • Example: • Wherever possible, the guide planted trees. • Step 1: find the adverb clause • Wherever possible • Step 2: What words can you mentally add in which sentence can still have same meaning? • Wherever (it was) possible

20. Example #2 • I like cake more than candy. • What is the adverb clause? • than candy • What word(s) may be mentally added in the adverb clause and the sentence still has same meaning? • than (I like) candy

21. Outline of Section 21.2 • Clause • A group of words with its own subject and verb. • 2 Basic Kinds of Clauses: • Independent Clause • Subordinate Clause • Adjective clause • Adverb clause • Noun clause

22. Noun ClausesSubordinate clauses acting like nouns • May begin with: • Introductory words • Who (whoever) • Whom (whomever) • What (whatever) • Whether • Which • “that” • N.C. have 5 functions: • Subject • Direct Object • Indirect Object • Predicate Nominative • Object of a Preposition

23. Exercise 34 on page 481: Identify Noun Clause and Function • Our biology book says that many parasites breed in tropical regions. • Noun clause? • that many parasites breed in tropical regions • Function? • Direct Object • “…says what?” that many parasites breed in tropical regions

24. Continued exercise • Whatever animal is infested with a hookworm will also become severely anemic. • Noun clause? • Whatever animal is infested with a hookworm • Function? • Subject

25. Continued Exercise • A hookworm causes severe problems for whatever animal it infects. • Noun clause: • whatever animal it infects • Function: • Object of a preposition • Follows the preposition “for”

26. Recognizing Use of Introductory Words • Intro words have either have a function or not: • If there’s a function: • Subject • Adverb • Adjective • Direct Object • Steps to follow: • Find noun clause. • Find introductory word • Locate subject and verb in clause, then figure out function of the intro word.

27. Examples • Do you remember where we parked the car? • Noun clause? • where we parked the car • Introductory word? • where • Function of intro word within the clause • Subject is “we”; verb is “parked”, so what is “where”? • Adverb

28. Example #2 • Do you know whether the train has gone? • Noun clause? • whether the train has gone • Introductory word? • whether • Function of introductory word? • Subject is “train”; verb is “has gone”, so what is “whether”? • No function in clause