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A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks

A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks. Author : E. Royer and C.-K. Toh Source : IEEE Personal Communication April 1999, vol. 6, no. 2, page. 48~51 Date : 2002/12/12. Outline. Introduction Table-Driven Routing

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A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks

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  1. A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Author: E. Royer and C.-K. Toh Source: IEEE Personal Communication April 1999, vol. 6, no. 2, page. 48~51 Date: 2002/12/12

  2. Outline • Introduction • Table-Driven Routing • Source-Initiated On-Demand Routing • Comparisons • Application and Challenges • Conclusion

  3. Introduction • Current variations of mobile wireless networks • Infrastructured network • Infrastructureless mobile network (Ad Hoc) • Existing Ad Hoc routing protocols • limitation of these networks • High power consumption • Low bandwidth • High error rates • Categorized as • Table-driven • Source-initiated (demand-driven)

  4. Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

  5. Table-Driven Routing Protocols • Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) • Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR) • The Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)

  6. Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing • Based on Bellman-Ford algorithm • Every mobile station maintains a routing table that lists all available destinations. • The stations periodically transmit their routing tables to their immediate neighbors.

  7. 1 Movement in DSDV MH4 forwarding table 1. update table 2. advertise changes 3 4 5 8 2 6 7 1

  8. MH4 forwarding table (updated) MH4 advertised table (updated)

  9. Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing • Cluster member table • Using DSDV algorithm. • The mobile nodes are aggregated into clusters and a cluster-head is elected. • Least Cluster Change (LCC) algorithm • A cluster-head control a group of ad hoc nodes. • A gateway is a node that is in the communication range of two or more cluster-heads.

  10. 12 1 10 CGSR Example 6 11 5 7 4 8 2 9 3 Internal node Cluster-head Gateway

  11. The Wireless Routing Protocol • A table-based distance-vector routing protocol • Each node maintains • Distance table • Routing table • Link-Cost table • Message Retransmission List (MRL) table

  12. Source-Initiated On-Demand Routing Protocols • Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing • Dynamic Source Routing • Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm • Associativity-Based Routing • Signal Stability Routing

  13. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing • Route discovery • Route Request (RREQ) • Route Reply (RREP) • Route maintenance • Hello messages • Failure notification message

  14. Destination N2 N8 N5 Source N1 N4 N7 N3 N6 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (cont.)

  15. Destination N2 N8 N5 Source N1 N4 N7 N3 N6 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (cont.)

  16. Dynamic Source Routing • Route discovery • Route request • Route reply • Route maintenance • Route error packets

  17. N1-N2 Destination N2 N1-N2-N5 N8 N5 N1 N1-N3-N4-N7 Source N1 N1-N3-N4 N1-N3 N4 N7 N1 N3 N1-N3-N4-N6 N6 N1-N3-N4 Dynamic Source Routing

  18. Destination N1-N2-N5-N8 N2 N1-N2-N5-N8 N1-N2-N5-N8 N8 N5 Source N1 N4 N7 N3 N6 Dynamic Source Routing

  19. Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm • Route creation • Directed acyclic graph (DAG) • Route maintenance • New reference level • Route erasure • Clear packet

  20. Source Ad hoc node Height metric Destination Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (cont.)

  21. B C B C A A D D G G E E F F (2) (1) B C B C A A D D G G E E F F (3) (4) Link failure Link reversal Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (cont.)

  22. Associativity-Based Routing • Route discovery • Broadcast Query (BQ) • Await-Reply (BQ-Reply) • Route reconstruction • Route notification (RN) • Localized query (LQ) • Route deletion • Route delete (RD)

  23. SRC BQ DEST SRC RN[1] Route maintenance for a source move Associativity-Based Routing(cont.)

  24. DEST LQ[H] SRC H=3 DEST RN[0] RN[0] Route maintenance for a destination move Associativity-Based Routing(cont.)

  25. Signal Stability Routing • Route discovery • Beacon to each neighboring node • Static Routing Protocol (SRP) • Route maintenance • Dynamic Routing Protocol (DRP) • Route failed • Error message

  26. Comparisons of Table-driven Protocols

  27. Comparisons of On-Demand Protocols

  28. Comparisons (cont.) • ADOV VS. DSR • Overhead of DSR is potentially larger than ADOV (carry information) • Symmetric & Asymmetric • Single route & Multiple routes • DSR is not scalable to large networks

  29. Comparisons (cont.) • TORA (link reversal) • Best suited for networks with large dense populations of nodes • Multiple routes • Fewer route rebuilding • With LAM algorithm to provide multicast capability (GPS)

  30. Comparisons (cont.) • ABR • Aggregated associativity ticks • Guarantee to be free of packet duplicate • Beacon • SSR • Signal strength and location stability not necessarily shortest in hop count • Intermediate can’t reply (long delay)

  31. Applications and Challenges • Application • Military (non-fixed) • Conference/meeting/lectures • Emergency • Challenges • Multicast (dynamic multicast-tree ) • QoS support (MAC layer) • Power-aware routing (handheld devices) • Location aided routing (analogous ABR) • security, service discovery, internet protocol operability.

  32. Conclusion • Classification Table-driven & On-demand • Provide several routing scheme • According Advantage & disadvantage to choose protocol and implement network • Many challenge need to be met

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