POETRY

1. POETRY

2. POETRY • A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

3. A Poem A poem is a portrait sketched in words. It is a synonym for the soul, a sermon From the stars. It is a song of mockingbirds Who mimic men; the fragrance of a forgotten Rose. It is the grammar of the soul And the language of the heart. It is a dream That comes to those who are awake; a stroll Upon the boulevard of time; a scheme To conquer death. It is the romance of France In a triolet or it is the power of Rome In a sonnet. It is a waltz for words, a dance Of the pen to the time of a mental metronome. A poem is a mental prayer and a breath From the soul which says that life is more than death. - Roger Bates Kronmann

4. POET The poet is the author of the poem. SPEAKER The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem. POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY

5. FORM - the appearance of the words on the page LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day. POETRY FORM

6. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza

7. Refrain The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at the end of a stanza. It can also be an entire stanza that is repeated periodically throughout a poem, kind of like a chorus of a song.

8. Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou Pretty women wonder where my secret lies. I’m not cute or built to suit a fashion model’s size But when I start to tell them, They think I’m telling lies. I say, It’s in the reach of my arms, The span of my hips, The stride of my step, The curl of my lips. I’m a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That’s me. Remember this

9. I walk into a room Just as cool as you please, And to a man, The fellows stand or Fall down on their knees. Then they swarm around me, A hive of honey bees. I say, It’s the fire in my eyes, And the flash of my teeth, The swing of my waist, And the joy in my feet. I’m a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That’s me. Men themselves have wondered What they see in me. They try so much But they can’t touch My inner mystery. When I try to show them, They say they still can’t see. I say, It’s in the arch of my back, The sun of my smile, . . . The grace of my style. I’m a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That’s me. Look familiar? That is refrain.

10. SOUND EFFECTS

11. RHYTHM The beat When reading a poem out loud, you may notice a sort of “sing-song” quality to it, just like in nursery rhymes. This is accomplished by the use of rhythm. Rhythm is broken into seven types. • Iambic • Anapestic • Trochaic • Dactylic • Monosyllabic • Spondaic • Accentual Less Common Most Used

12. METER The length of a line of poetry, based on what type of rhythm is used. The length of a line of poetry is measured in metrical units called “FEET”. Each foot consists of one unit of rhythm. So, if the line is iambic or trochaic, a foot of poetry has 2 syllables. If the line is anapestic or dactylic, a foot of poetry has 3 syllables.

13. My Beard by Shel Silverstein My beard grows to my toes, I never wears no clothes, I wraps my hair Around my bare, And down the road I goes. RHYME The repetition of sounds Example: hat, cat, brat, fat, mat, sat Here is another example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGrcdq2viZg

14. Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry. FREE VERSE POETRY

15. Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. BLANK VERSE POETRY

16. INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. • From “The Raven” • by Edgar Allan Poe

17. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME • The Germ by Ogden Nash • A mighty creature is the germ, • Though smaller than the pachyderm. • His customary dwelling place • Is deep within the human race. • His childish pride he often pleases • By giving people strange diseases. • Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? • You probably contain a germ. a a b b c c a a

18. ALLITERATION The repetition of the initial letter or sound in two or more words in a line. To the lay-person, these are called “tongue-twisters”. Example: How much dew would a dewdrop drop if a dewdrop did drop dew?

19. Examples: growl, hiss, pop, boom, crack, ptthhhbbb. Onomatopoeia Words that spell out sounds; words that sound like what they mean.

20. Let’s see what this looks like in a poem we are not so familiar with yet. Noise Day by Shel Silverstein Let’s have one day for girls and boyses When you can make the grandest noises. Screech, scream, holler, and yell – Buzz a buzzer, clang a bell, Sneeze – hiccup – whistle – shout, Laugh until your lungs wear out, Toot a whistle, kick a can, Bang a spoon against a pan, Sing, yodel, bellow, hum, Blow a horn, beat a drum, Rattle a window, slam a door, Scrape a rake across the floor . . .. Onomatopoeia Several other words not highlighted could also be considered as onomatopoeia. Can you find any?

21. Repetition Using the same key word or phrase throughout a poem. This should be fairly self-explanatory, but . . . at risk of sounding like a broken record . . .

22. Valued Treasue by Chris R. Carey Time to spend; time to mend. Time to hate; time to wait. Time is the essence; time is the key. Time will tell us what we will be. Time is the enemy; time is the proof. Time will eventually show us the truth. Time is a mystery; time is a measure. Time for us is valued treasure. Time to spend; time to mend. Time to cry . . . Time to die.

23. CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . . • The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words • “silken,sad, uncertain, rustling . . “

24. ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. • (Often creates near rhyme.) • Lake Fate Base Fade • (All share the long “a” sound.)

25. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” • John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare

26. SOME TYPES OF POETRYWE WILL BE STUDYING

27. LYRIC • A short poem • Usually written in first person point of view • Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene • Do not tell a story and are often musical • (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)

28. A Japanese poem written in three lines Five Syllables Seven Syllables Five Syllables An old silent pond . . . A frog jumps into the pond. Splash! Silence again. HAIKU

29. A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET

30. A poem that tells a story. Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman” “Casey at the Bat” “The Walrus and the Carpenter” NARRATIVE POEMS

31. In concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem. Poetry Is like Flames, Which are Swift and elusive Dodging realization Sparks, like words on the Paper, leap and dance in the Flickering firelight. The fiery Tongues, formless and shifting Shapes, tease the imiagination. Yet for those who see, Through their mind’s Eye, they burn Up the page. CONCRETE POEMS

32. FIGURATIVELANGUAGE

33. EXTENDED METAPHOR • A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.

34. IMPLIED METAPHOR • The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated. • “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.” • from The Pearl • by John Steinbeck

35. Idiom • An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says. • Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.

36. Hyperbole An exaggeration for the sake of emphasis. Examples: I may sweat to death. The blood bank needs a river of blood.

37. Personification Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects, ideas, or animals. Example: The sun stretched its lazy fingers over the valley.

38. When a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else. = Innocence = America = Peace SYMBOLISM

39. Allusion A reference to another piece of literature or to history. Example: “She hath Dian’s wit” (from Romeo and Juliet). This is an allusion to Roman mythology and the goddess Diana. The three most common types of allusion refer to mythology, the Bible, and Shakespeare’s writings.

40. Imagery Using words to create a picture in the reader’s mind.