THE HUMAN BRAIN: NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. THE HUMAN BRAIN:NERVOUS SYSTEM Regulation in Our Body

2. LG: How Does The Nervous System Help to Maintain Homeostasis? • Do Now (12/11) • Describe how does blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart again.

3. Zombie Autopsies

4. 12/2/2013

5. Regulation - any activity that helps body maintain homeostasis - CONTROLS and COORDINATES life activities - Includes nervous and endocrine system

6. The Human Brain Emotions Body Temperature Thinking/Planning/Scheduling Objects in Space Breathing

7. http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/nervoussystem/

8. Nervous System - System of specialized cells to carry messages throughout body - Impulses are sent by nerve cells (a.k.a. neurons) to and from Central Nervous System (CNS)

9. Nervous System • Main Organs: • Brain • Spinal Cord

10. StimuliReceptorsResponses • Stimuli: anything (internal/external) causes changes. Examples: sound, light, temperature • Receptors: structures (on the surface of cell) that detect stimuli. Examples: ears, eyes, skin Receptors have specific SHAPES • Responses: changes/reactions

11. Shapes Matter!-Review HORMONES ENZYMES

12. Regents Sample Questions

13. Neurons ( nerve cells) Function: Specialized cells that carry electrochemical impulses You are born with most of the neurons you’ll ever have. They are NOT replaced when they die!!!!!

14. http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/neurons/

15. Neuron Structure • 3 Main Parts: 1. Cell Body (Soma) -Contains nucleus and cytoplasm -Metabolism such as Generating ATP 2. Dendrites: Short branch extensions -Receives stimuli from other neurons or environment -Send them toward the cell body 3. Axon: Long fiber -Sends impulses AWAY from the cell body to Axon Terminals

16. A Typical Neuron (Nerve Cell)

17. Myelin Sheaths Description: insulating layer forms around nerves Function: allow impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently. Schwann Cells: form myelin sheaths

18. Node of Ranvier (gaps) Decription: Gaps between adjacent Schwann Cells. Function: Allows nerve impulses to move along the neuron efficiently.

19. In your notes, label the following http://media.pearsoncmg.com/intl/ema/ema_uk_he_wickens_biopsych_2e/01_introduction/activities/1_6_1_01.htm

21. Types of Neuron 1. Sensory or Afferent Neuron (OrgansBrain): Moving away from a central organ or point. Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord.

22. 2. Motor or Efferent Neuron (BrainMuscle): Moving toward a central organ or point. Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and organs.

23. 3. Interneuron: Relay message from sensory neuron to motor neuron. Make up the brain and spinal cord.

24. SensoryInterneuronMotor sensory neuron (from senses)

25. Neuron Communication • Synapse: the space between 2 neurons • one end of a neuron secretes special chemical messengers that travel across this space thus carrying impulses from cell to cell • Neurotransmitters (NTs): chemical messengers

27. Regents Sample Questions Which cell (X or Y) shows the receptor molecules? Name “A”:

28. Action Potential-optional • http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0014-swf_action_potenti.swf

29. Drugs and Poisons Stimulants - Speed up production and release of neurotransmitters - Caffeine – increases synaptic transmissions - Causes sleeplessness and nervousness

30. Depressants - Block formation of neurotransmitters - Barbiturates – produce depressant effect Pain Killers Alcohol

31. Brain has two Hemispheres Each side of the brain is one hemisphere. Each of these hemispheres contain 4 different lobes.

32. Lobes of the Brain (4) • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal .

33. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal • Functions/actions: • -Memory formation • -Emotions • -Decision Making/Reasoning • -Personality

34. Critical Regions of the F.L. • Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) –Involved with controlling movements of the body. • Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons, speech, and language comprehension. Located on Left Frontal Lobe. • Olfactory (smell) Bulb - Cranial Nerve I, Responsible for sensation of Smell

36. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe • Functions/actions: • -Senses • -Spatial awareness and perception =the sensation of Taste.

37. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe • Function: • -The processing, integration, interpretation of VISION and visual stimuli. Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

38. Visual Cortex

39. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe • Functions: • Hearing • Language comprehension • Memory formation/ retrieval Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

40. Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions • Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for hearing • Primary Olfactory Cortex – Interprets the sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via the olfactory bulbs. (Not visible on the superficial cortex) • Wernicke’s Area – Language comprehension. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.

41. Temporal Lobe

43. The Occipital Occipital Lobe Brain Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe

44. Temporal Lobe Temporal Lobe Brain Occipital Lobe Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe

45. Parietal Lobe Parietal Lobe Brain Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Frontal Lobe

46. Frontal Lobe Frontal Lobe Brain Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe

47. Meningitis -viral or bacterial disease that infects fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord • symptoms: • A stiff and painful neck, especially when you try to touch your chin to your chest • Seizures • Trouble staying awake Meningococcal disease is contagious. The disease is transmitted through air droplets and direct contact with infected persons (e.g., coughing, kissing). http://abcnews.go.com/Health/uc-santa-barbara-students-meningitis/story?id=21080902

48. Spinal Tap

49. Cerebral Palsy: impaired movement Causes: Not Known -brain damages -infections -maternal health problems -premature babies -lead poisoning Treatment: NO CURE -braces -medication -surgery (dislocated hips and scoliosis)