The Pharmacy Technician

1. The Pharmacy Technician Third Edition By Perspective Press Morton Publishing Company

2. Chapter 1 Pharmacy & Health Care • Origins • Medicines through the ages • The 20th century • Pharmacy today • Computers in Pharmacy • Video

3. Origins • Based in magic and religion. • The supernatural approach to treating illness gradually gave way to a more scientific approach, based on observation and experimentation (Hippocrates – idea diagnosing illness). • Ancient man looked to the natural world for medical answers. • Used drugs derived from plants to treat illness. • The ancient Greeks used the bark of a white willow tree to relieve pain. The bark contained salicylic acid-active ingredient in aspirin. • The first effective local anesthetic-COCAINE.

4. Origins • Besides looking to the supernatural, ancient man also looked to the natural world for medical answers (Chinese Emperor ShenNung established 365 herbs to use in health treatments) • Through the ages, people have used drugs to treat illnesses and other physical conditions. • Quinine(Malaria) made from the bark of a Peruvian tree, the Cinchona • Salicylic acid, extracted from the bark of a white willow tree

5. Medicines through the ages • 400 B.C. A number of medical documents are written by Hippocrates – based on scientific reasoning and close observation of the patient. • 100 B.C. King Mithridates of Pontos practiced an early form of immunization.

6. Medicines through the ages • 77 B.C. Dioscorides writes De MateriaMedica(over 600 plants and their healing properties). • 162 A.D. Galen – the theory of four “humors”. • 1500 A.D. Swiss alchemist Paracelsus established the use of chemistry to create medicinal drugs (laudanum)

7. Medicines through the ages • 1630 A.D. Jesuits sent quinine to Europe • 1721 A.D. Dr. Zabdiel Boylston administers smallpox vaccine • 1785 A.D. British physician William Withering publishes his study of the foxglove (digitalis) • 1803 The German pharmacist FrederichSerturner extracts morphine from opium

8. Medicines through the ages • 1846 In Boston, the first operation using general anesthesia is performed (ether) • 1864 Louis Pasteur’s experiments show that heat can kill microorganisms caused food spoilage; proposes principles of “germ theory” • 1884 Carl Koller uses cocaine as a local anesthetic in eye surgery.

9. Medicines through the ages • 1899 Aspirin (ASA) • 1921 Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best extracts insulin from the pancreas of pigs and cattle • 1928 Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin

10. Medicines through the ages • 1951 James Watson and Francis Crick identify the structure of DNA • 1955 Dr. Jonas Salk develops injectable polio vaccine • 1960 The birth control pill is introduced • 1981 First documented cases of AIDS

11. Medicines through the ages • 1987 AZT becomes the first drug approved by the FDA for AIDS treatment • 1988 The Human Genome Project is begun with the goal of mapping the entire DNA sequence in the human genome

12. Medicines through the ages • The foxglove plant contains the drug digitalis, which has been widely used in treating heart diseases. • Louis Pasteur’s experiments show that microorganisms cause food spoilage and that heat can be used to kill them and preserve the food. • Frederick Bantingand Charles Best showed that an extract of the hormone, insulin, lowered blood sugar in dogs and might be useful in the treatment of diabetes. • Alexander Fleming – the antibiotic chemical penicillin • The Human Genome Project is an attempt to map the entire DNA sequence in the human genome-help to understanding of hereditary diseases and how to treat them.

13. The 20th century • The average life span in the United States increased by over twenty years in the Twentieth Century – increased by 64%. • A major factor in the increased health and life expectancy seen in this century was the dramatic growth in pharmaceutical medicine. • World War I, more soldiers died from infections, while in World War II, antibiotic penicillin saved thousands of lives • Powerful drugs-importance of regulation-performed by FDA in United States. • Discovery of new drug-investment of time, research and development

14. Pharmacy today • Different types of Pharmacy settings. • Pharmacist – most trusted profession. • Pharmacist- required education-state licensing exam-internship-required continuing education. • The coast of health care in the USA from 1970 to 2000 rose by over 1,500 % and has further increased an estimated 48% between 2000&2005 to $2.016 trillion. • Increasing costs of health care have brought increased efforts to control the cost of prescription drugs, one aspect of which is the use of closed ‘formularies’ that rely substantially on substituting drugs in place of more expensive brands.

15. Computers In Pharmacy • Helps productivity. • Systems may be developed by the user to meet specific needs,purchased ready made, or provided by a drug wholesaler. • Different systems- own specific features-general principles

16. A Sample Computer System • Patient profile • Billing • Management Reporting • Prescriber Profile • Pricing • Education/Counseling • Security • Product selection • Inventory • Labeling