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REVIEW OF FUTURES MARKETS. FUTURES CONTRACTS ARE TRADED ON ORGANIZED EXCHANGES Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). THE EVOLUTION OF AN EXCHANGE. CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE. WHY CHICAGO?. WHY CHICAGO? LOCATION. WHY CHICAGO?. WATER TRANSPORT. WATER TRANSPORT
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FUTURES CONTRACTS ARE TRADED ON ORGANIZED EXCHANGES Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)
THE EVOLUTION OF AN EXCHANGE CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE
WHY CHICAGO? LOCATION
WHY CHICAGO? WATER TRANSPORT
WATER TRANSPORT RAIL ROAD DEVELOPMENT WHY CHICAGO?
WATER TRANSPORT RAIL ROAD DEVELOPMENT LOCATION NEAR AGRICULTURAL LAND WHY CHICAGO?
BEGINNING OF EUROPEAN DEMAND FOR GRAIN (CRIMEAN WAR)
FOUNDED IN 1848 CHARTERED BY THE STATE OF ILLINOIS IN 1859
IN 1865 CONTRACTS ARE FORMALIZED INTO WHAT IS NOW CALLED FUTURES CONTRACTS.
IN 1885 THE CBOT MOVES TO ITS CURRENT LOCATION AT THE CORNER OF LASALLE STREET AND JACKSON
THE EXCHANGE WAS ORGANIZED AS A NOT FOR PROFIT MEMBERSHIP ASSOCIATION, IN OCTOBER OF 2005 IT WAS REORGANIZED AS A FOR PROFIT PUBLICLY TRADED COMPANY. The CBOT was purchased by the CME in 2007.
STANDARDIZED CONTRACTS GRAINS = 5000 BUSHELS SBM = 100 TONS SBO = 60,000 LBS
STANDARD QUALITY CORN = #2 YELLOW
DELIVERY LOCATION CORN = CHICAGO OR TOLEDO
STANDARD DELIVERY TIMES CORN = DECEMBER, MARCH MAY, JULY, SEPTEMBER WHEAT THE SAME AS CORN
SOYBEAN DELIVERY MONTHS = NOV, JAN, MARCH, MAY, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER
Why not every month of the year? Liquidity -- Need to make sure the volume is sufficient to allow for efficient trading.
FUNCTIONS • Price Discovery • Competitive market environment • Access to information • Incentive to do a good job
FUNCTIONS • Price Discovery • Price Risk Management • Inventory and unknown and variable prices • Hedging price risk • Temporary substitute for a future cash transaction
FUNCTIONS • Price Discovery • Price Risk Management • Provide a Speculative Medium
SPECULATION BUY LOW SELL HIGH Speculation vs Gambling
Agricultural Group THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS MARGIN MONEY -- PERFORMANCE BOND -- A FRACTION OF THE VALUE OF THE CONTRACT
THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS MARGIN MONEY -- PERFORMANCE BOND -- A FRACTION OF THE VALUE OF THE CONTRACT IF THE MARKET MOVES AGAINST THE TRADER -- MORE MARGIN IS REQUIRED
THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS MARGIN MONEY -- PERFORMANCE BOND -- A FRACTION OF THE VALUE OF THE CONTRACT IF THE MARKET MOVES AGAINST THE TRADER -- MORE MARGIN IS REQUIRED MINIMUM INITIAL MARGINS ARE SET BY THE EXCHANGES
THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS MAINTENANCE MARGIN: IF EQUITY LEVEL DROPS BELOW A CERTAIN AMOUNT MORE FUNDS MUST BE DEPOSITED
HEDGING-- TAKE OPPOSITE POSITION IN FUTURES AS YOU HAVE IN CASH
HEDGING GAIN OR LOSS IN FUTURES WILL OFFSET GAIN OR LOSS IN CASH
PRICES FOR CORN CASH PRICE AT HEYWORTH, ILL = $3.40 MAY FUTURES = $3.64 JULY FUTURES = $3.75
WHY THE PRICE DIFFERENCES? 1) LOCATION 2) TIME 3) QUALITY 4) LOCAL SUPPLY AND DEMAND CONDITIONS
PRICE DIFFERENCES OVER TIME ARE ACCOUNTED FOR BY STORAGE COST. (COST OF CARRY)
STORAGE COST FOR GRAIN: PHYSICAL COST FINANCIAL COST
HEDGING TAKE AN OPPOSITE POSITION IN FUTURES AS YOU HAVE IN CASH PROTECTION FROM PRICE LEVEL CHANGES
LOCALIZED FUTURES PRICE FUTURES PRICE MINUS ANTICIPATED BASIS