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Solubility

Solubility. Chapter 13. Some Definitions. Solubility – the ability of one substance to dissolve into another (expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent) “Like dissolves Like” Polar compounds dissolve polar compounds Water is polar

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Solubility

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  1. Solubility Chapter 13

  2. Some Definitions • Solubility – the ability of one substance to dissolve into another (expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent) • “Like dissolves Like” • Polar compounds dissolve polar compounds • Water is polar • Nonpolar compound dissolve nonpolar compounds • Paint and paint thinner are both nonpolar

  3. More Definitions • Miscible – two or more liquids that are able to dissolve into each other in various proportions • Paint and paint thinner • Immiscible – two or more liquids that do not mix with each other • Oil and water • Sometimes difficult to determine because of “partial solubility”

  4. Solids and Solubility • The greater the surface area of the solid, the quicker it will dissolve • Breaking solids apart increases surface area, thereby increasing the rate at which a solid dissolves • Generally increases with temperature

  5. Salts • Polar – so soluble in water • Dissociation – The separating of a molecule into simpler molecules, atoms, or ions • Hydration – when dissociated ions are surrounded by water molecules

  6. Solubility Rules • Page 473 • Alkali metals and ammonium are always soluble (except LiF) • Most acetates are soluble • Most nitrates are soluble • Bromides and Chlorides are soluble (unless combined with Ag, Pb, and Hg) • See table for others

  7. Saturation • A Saturated Solution is one that cannot dissolve any more solute under the given conditions • An Unsaturated Solution is a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution and that is able to dissolve additional solute • A Supersaturated Solution is a solution holding more dissolved solute than what is required to reach equilibrium at a given temperature

  8. Gases and Liquids • Gases can dissolve in liquids • Look at an unopened bottle of pop – do you see the bubbles? • What happens when you open the bottle?

  9. Solutions have Physical Properties • Conductivity – the ability to conduct an electric current • An Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current • A Nonelectrolyte is a liquid or solid substance that does not allow the flow of an electric current, either in pure state, or in solution • Tap water contains electrolytes and therefore conducts electricity, pure water does not contain electrolytes and will NOT conduct electricity

  10. Surfactants • A compound that concentrates at the surface between two phases • Most cleaners are surfactants • Emulsion – any mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other (oil and water)

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