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CHINA THE MIDDLE KINGDOM & LAND UNDER HEAVEN. Dynastic Government. Chinese regarded their ruler as the Son of Heaven. Received the Mandate of Heaven , right to rule. (Similar to the European “divine right of kings.”) Dynasties -Ruling families of China rose and fell by dynastic cycle.
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Dynastic Government • Chinese regarded their ruler as the Son of Heaven. • Received the Mandate of Heaven, right to rule. (Similar to the European “divine right of kings.”) • Dynasties-Ruling families of China rose and fell by dynastic cycle. • 24-28 dynasties over China’s 5,000 years • The Han Dynasty later introduced four parts that all future dynasties would have:
Four Major Parts of Dynastic Government • Single ruler-Emperor- made laws, in charge of government, interpreted the ideology • Government Officials-Bureaucrats appointed on basis of civil service examinations. • System of Laws-Laws made by emperor and bureaucrats. • The official Ideology-political philosophy enforced by the bureaucrats.
The Forbidden City-Where the emperor and his court lived. Ordinary people were forbidden.
Early Dynasties • Xia • Shang • Zhou • Qin • Han • Sui • Tang • Yuan or Mongol
European an the Ming Dynasty • European interested in China and East Asia • The Ming had no interest in Europe • A Ming document proclaimed, “our empire owns the world.” • The Ming offered Europeans limited trade. • Portuguese wanted Chinese silks and porcelains, but had little to offer in exchange. • European textiles and metalwork were inferior to Chinese products
European an the Ming Dynasty • The Chinese therefore demanded payment in gold or silver • Ming eventually allow Portuguese a trading post at Macao • Later, they let Dutch, English, and other Europeans trade with Chinese merchants. • Foreigners could trade only at Canton under the supervision of imperial officials. • When each year’s trading season ended, they had to sail away.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty • By early 1600s, the Ming dynasty was decaying. • Revolts erupted, and Manchu invaders from the north pushed through the Great Wall. • The Manchus ruled a region in the northeast, Manchuria, that had long been influenced by Chinese civilization.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty • In 1644, victorious Manchu armies seized Beijing and made it their capital. • The Manchus set up a new dynasty called the Qing • The Chinese economy expanded • New crops from the Americas, such as potatoes and corn, had been introduced into China.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty • These crops boosted farm output, which in turn contributed to a population boom. • China’s population rose from 140 million in 1740 to over 300 million by 1800. • The silk, cotton, and porcelain industries expanded. Internal trade grew, as did the demand for Chinese goods from all over the world.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty • The Qing maintained the Ming policy of restricting foreign traders. • Europeans kept pressing to expand trade • In 1793, Lord Macartney arrived in China at the head of a British diplomatic mission. • Brought samples of British-made goods to show the Chinese • Chinese looked on the goods as crude products, thought they were gifts offered as tribute to the emperor.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty • Macartney insisted on an audience with the emperor. • Macartney would have to perform the kowtow, touching his head to the ground to show respect to the emperor. Macartney refused. • Offended the Chinese by speaking of the natural superiority of the English. • The negotitations faltered. • In the 1800s, China would learn that its policy of ignoring Westerners and their technology would have undesired consequences.
China and the New Imperialism The Chinese Revolution: From Dynasty to Communism
O R S C M piumWars open China. ebellionsrock China. un shines democracy over China. haing keeps China in check. ao chases Chaing, makes China Communist. FIVE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CHINESE REVOLUTION
China and the New Imperialism • For centuries, Chinese regulations had ensured that China had a favorable balance of trade with other nations. • A nation’s balance of trade refers to the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports. • By the 1800s, however, Western nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade with East Asia in their favor.
Trade Between Britain and China • Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. • European merchants were restricted to a small area in southern China. • China sold them silk, porcelain, and tea in exchange for gold and silver. • Under this arrangement, China enjoyed a trade surplus, or exported more than it imported. • Westerners, on the other hand, had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.
Trade Between Britain and China • By the late 1700s, two developments were underway that would transform China’s relations with the Western world. • First, China entered a period of decline. • Second, the Industrial Revolution created a need for expanded markets for European goods. • At the same time, it gave the West superior military power.
The Opium War • During the late 1700s, British merchants began making huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. • Soon, many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. • Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug, disrupting the economy.
The Opium War • The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. • They called on Britain to stop the trade. • The British refused, insisting on the right of free trade. • In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium War. • British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. • With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.
Unequal Treaties • In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing . • Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the war. • The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. • China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts.
Outcome of the Opium Wars • The Treaty of Nanjing- ended the Opium War in 1852. As a result the British take Hong Kong from China • Extraterritoriality-British merchants caught smuggling had to be tried in British courts. • China was reduced to an inferior nation. • The West control “Sphere of Influence” in China. (China’s major ports) • Opium Wars open China and ends China’s Isolation
Rebellions Rock China • Taiping Rebellion, 1853 (Taipings were converted Christian peasants) • Wanted equality and an end to Qing rule • Over 20 million die as rebellion is put down with help of foreign powers
BOXER REBELLIONBoxers were anti-Qing and anti-West peasant Chinese • 1900s, Peasants and workers wanted to rid China of all foreign influences • “Death to the Foreign Devils” • Boxers were defeated by European powers
SUN SHINES DEMOCRACY OVER CHINA • Dr. Sun Yixian overthrows Qing Dynasty and brings Democracy to China (1912) The Republic of China • Sun’s Three Principles 1) Democracy 2)Nationalism 3)Livelihood ( Industrialization) • The democracy fails because of 3 reasons: 1)They were use to dynasty • 2) Most were uneducated peasants • 3) No national unity 4) The Warlords rule • Mao Zedong starts the Communists Party • Chaing -kiashek puts down the Warlords and rules China
CHAING KEEPS CHINA IN CHECK • Chaing rules as dictator 1930s & 1940s • Mao and Chaing fight over China and Chaing wins first civil war (1930s) • Mao takes the Long March-peasants support Communism • Mao & Communist fight Chaing again in 1949 and win civil war,
Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist • Civil War ends in 1949/Mao Wins • Chaing kai-shek and Nationalist flee to Taiwan and establish the Republic of China. • The US supports Taiwan • The Soviet Union supports Communist China as it becomes a superpower. • China develops an atomic bomb 1964
Other Results of the Chinese Revolution • The Great Leap Forward-A disastrous attempt by Mao Zedong to catch China up with the European powers through rapid agricultural quotas and industrial growth • Great Cultural Revolution- A period of violence and purging as Mao destroys any resistance to communist ideology. Brainwashing through Maoist thought was the result of this period. • Women become equal under communism
Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China Communist • 1972- Richard Nixon visits China • The US recognizes Communist China • 1989-Tianemen Square Pro-Democracy Student Protest. • Hong Kong is returned, 1998 • China wants Taiwan to reunite
China Reforms its Economy But Limits Freedom • Mao Zedong dies in 1976 • In 1981 Deng Xiaoping becomes leader of China and sets China on a new path • Deng Xiaoping's major emphasis was to develop China's economy • His favorite quote to describe his economic philosophy was, " I don't care if a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice."
