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Fat and Fit?

Fat and Fit?. EXSC 405 Kelly McGowan. What does it mean to be fat?. According to dictionary.com: Adjective: (of a person or animal) Having a large amount of excess flesh. American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Waist circumference Women: > 88 cm (35 inches)

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Fat and Fit?

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  1. Fat and Fit? EXSC 405 Kelly McGowan

  2. What does it mean to be fat? • According to dictionary.com: • Adjective: (of a person or animal) Having a large amount of excess flesh. • American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute • Waist circumference • Women: > 88 cm (35 inches) • Men: > 102 cm (40 inches) • International Diabetes Federation • Waist circumference • Women: > 80 cm (31.5 inches) • Men: > 90 cm (35.5 inches) • World Health Organization • Waist-to-hip ratio • Women: > 0.85 • Men: > 0.9   • Data from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-program/resources/abdominal-obesity/index.html#intro

  3. What are the “unhealthy” effects of being fat? • Heart Disease- hypertension, heart failure • Diabetes- insulin resistance, leading to high blood sugar, increased bp… • Metabolic Syndrome-according to the IDF MetS includes the presence of abdominal obesity and more than 2 of the following: fasting plasma glucose >5.6mmol·L-1, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C, and high blood pressure or hypertension (Yang et al, 2008)

  4. How are these dis-eases independent of fat-ness? • Heart Disease • Studies on normal weight people show signs of heart disease or Metabolic Syndrome, despite being of normal weight (Hayes et al 2006) • Diabetes • Metabolic Syndrome • As we know, these are all inflammation diseases! • Exercise and improved diet can help prevent these diseases and others.

  5. Exercise effect on Heart Disease • Endothelial Functions Regulation of genes for • Oxidative metabolism • Inflammation • Apoptosis • Increased Superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) • Increased nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) • Vascular Remodeling • Angiogenesis-growth of new capillary networks • Arteriogenesis- growth of pre existing arterioles to network to compensate for blocked arteries

  6. Exercise Effect on Heart Disease ddfe Plasma + NO -Cholesterol Inflammation +IL-5, IL-1ra IL-1D& Il-1B _ TNF α - C-reactive protein Endothelial Cell Antioxidant system +Cu/An/SOD & MN SOD +Catalase +SOD 1 + Glutathione peroxidase - NAD(P)H oxidase Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell HeatShock Proteins + HSP72 in cardiac muscle - HSP60 and HSP70 in aortic wall Increased Shear Stress during Exercise Modified from Leung et at, 2008

  7. Exercise effect on Chronic Inflammation • Decrease in TFN-α • Inhibits insulin signaling • Increases FFAs causing insulin resistance • Myokine production increases • Cytokines and other peptides that are released by muscles and act with endocrine effects • IL-6- mediates metabolic effects and anti-inflammatory effects, during exercise it acts locally to increase glucose uptake and fat oxidation • Inhibits endotoxin induced TFN-α increases • Stimulates production of other ILs • IL-8 • IL-15-anabolic factor in muscle growth and role in lipid metabolism, possible regulation of visceral fat mass

  8. Exercise prevention of Metabolic Syndrome • Current physical activity as well as a history of activity is beneficial in prevention of MetS in adulthood. (Yang et al 2008) • 31% Lower in active men vs. non-active • 17% Lower in active women vs. non-active

  9. Exercise prevention of Metabolic Syndrome

  10. How being fat can be unhealthy • In rats, obese rats have decreased dopamine receptors…(Garland et al 2011) • Visceral fat- “Apple Shape” • Correlated to impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism • Increased insulin resistance • Highly correlated to cardiovascular disease • Found in non-obese/overweight people • Subcutaneous fat- “Pear Shape”

  11. Visceral Fat • Characterized by increased lypolysis and increased FFA • Increase insulin resistance– insulin receptor binding of hepatic cells is decreased in the presence of too many FFA (Matsuzawa 2008) • Increased FFA in to liver may contribute to lipoprotein secretion and new lipoprotein formation • Increased FFA dysregulates adipocytokines • Fat derived cytokines, growth factors, and other anti-inflammation functions, such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α

  12. Subcutaneous Fat • High levels of physical exercise minimizes visceral fat accumulation • Even in the absence of weight loss, subcutaneous, visceral and abdominal fat levels were lowered in low amounts of moderate and high intensity exercise (Irving et al, 2008) • Sumo wrestlers, who may eat 7000-10,000 calories a day are considered obese, but glucose and lipid levels remain normal (Matsuzawa 2008) • High subcutaneous fat proportions-similar to “normal” • High physical training • Low levels of diabetes and heart diseases

  13. Works Cited • Brant C and Pedersen K. The Role of Exercise-Induced Myokines in Muscle Homeostasis and the Defense against Chronic Diseases. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 • Garland T, Schutz H, Chappell M, Keeney B, Meek T, Copes L, Acosta W, Crenowatz C, Maciel R, van Dijk G, Kotz C, Eisenmann J. The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives. The Journal of Experimental Biology2011:214, 206-229 • Hayes L, Pearce MS and Unwin NC. Lifecourse predictors of normal metabolic parameter in overweight and obese adults. International Journal of Obesity 2006. 30:970-976 • Irving B, Davis C, Brock D, Weltman J, Swift D, Barrett E, Gaesser g, Weltman A. Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Abdominal Visceral Fat and Body Composition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008;1863-1872 • Leung F, Yung L, Laher I, Yao X, Chen Z, Huang Y. Exercise, Vasuclar Wall and Cardiovascular Diseases. Sports Med 2008: 38(12) • Mathur N and Morand E. Exercise as a Mean to Control Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation 2008 • Matsuzawa Y. The role of fat topology in the risk of disease. International Journal of Obesity 2008. 32, 583-592 • Vaughan C, Schoo A, Janus E, Philpot B, Davis-Lameloise N, Kai Lo S, Laatikainen T, Vartianinen E, Dunbar J. the association of levels of physical activity with metabolic syndrome in rural Australian adults. BMC Public Health 2009, 9:273 • Yang X, Risto T, Hirvensalo M, Mattsson N, Viikara J, Raitakari O. The Longitudinal Effects of Physical Activity History on Metabolic Syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008;1424-1431

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