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DNA Technologies

Explore the world of recombinant DNA methods, restriction enzymes, plasmids, genomic libraries, PCR amplification, DNA sequencing, gene therapy, and transgenic organisms. Learn about applications, safety guidelines, and genetic engineering techniques.

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DNA Technologies

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  1. DNA Technologies

  2. Recombinant DNA methods • Restriction enzymes • Enzymes from bacteria • Used to cut DNA molecules in specific places • Enable researchers to cut DNA into manageable segments • Vector molecule carrier of DNA fragment into cell • Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA into cells

  3. Cutting DNA with a restriction enzyme

  4. Splicing foreign DNA into a vector • Foreign DNA and plasmid DNA cut with same restriction enzyme • Produces linear molecules with complementary single-stranded ends • Recombinant DNA created by mixing so sticky ends pair • DNA ligase forms covalent bonds, linking the two fragments

  5. Plasmids

  6. Genomic library • Collection of DNA fragments that represent all the DNA in the genome • Chromosome library • All the DNA fragments in that specific chromosome • cDNA library • Produced using reverse transcriptase • Makes DNA copies of mature mRNA

  7. Producing a genomic or chromosome library

  8. Genetic probes • Segments of single-stranded DNA that can hybridize to complementary base sequences in target gene • Southern blot technique

  9. Using a geneticprobe to find bacterial cellswith a specificrecombinant DNA molecule

  10. Amplifying DNA in vitro by PCR • Small amount of double-stranded DNA • DNA precursors • Specific nucleic acid primers • Taq DNA polymerase • DNA is denatured • Primers attach to primer-binding site on each DNA strand • Each strand acts as template for DNA synthesis

  11. Amplification of DNA by PCR

  12. DNA sequencing • Based on chain termination method • Yields information about • Structure of gene • Probable amino acid sequences of its encoded proteins

  13. Chain termination method of DNA sequencing

  14. Applications of DNA technology • Gene therapy • Tissue engineering • DNA typing

  15. DNA typing

  16. Transgenic organisms • Foreign DNA incorporated into their genetic material • Gene target • Single gene inactivated or “knocked out” • “Knockout mice” used in studying genes • Mutagenesis screening • Male mice treated with mutagens and studied

  17. A transgenicmouse Mouse on rightis normal; mouseon left is transgenic animal expressing rat growth hormone

  18. Transgenicrice “Golden rice”shown intermixedwith white ricecontain highconcentrationsof beta-carotene

  19. Safety guidelines • Safety concerns • Introduction of transgenic organisms into the environment • Health effects on humans from consuming GM crops • Safety measures • Special facilities designed to hold pathogenic organisms • Science of risk assessment

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