Chapter 8 Notes

1. Chapter 8 Notes

2. Religious movement after 1790 Americans moved toward reforming Individualism and responsibility Revivals Power of the African American Church Second Great Awakening

3. Revivals • Emotional, religious meeting • Charles Grandison Finney (preacher) • “Burned over district” New York

4. Movement of the simple life, truth & nature Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau: Self-reliance Walden Pond: return to nature Civil Disobedience: protesting w/o violence Transcendentalism

5. Utopian Communities • “Perfect” communities • Brook Farm, Oneida, New Harmony • Most only lasted a few years • B/C of “human imperfection”

6. Dorothea Dix: Reform of prisons and call for homes for the mentally ill Horace Mann: Mass. Created the first public school system Schools and Prisons

7. Institution Reform -Dorothea Dix - help for the mentally ill -helped to start several mental hospitals -prison reform -meant to rehabilitate

8. Health Reform • Mid 19th Century- Women began to work on health reforms. • Elizabeth Blackwell, 1843 (First women to graduate from medical school) • Opened the NY Infirmary for Women and Children.

9. Health Reform • Catharine Beecher took a national survey of women’s health in 1850. She found out that there were 3 sick women for every healthy one. • Women barely bathed, exercised, and their fashion restricted their breathing (Corsets) • Amelia Bloomer-Wore loose-fitting pants tied at the ankles and covered up with a shortskirt. • Many men were outraged at women in pants.

10. Call to outlaw slavery William Lloyd Garrison: Newspaper The Liberator Called for immediate emancipation (freeing of slaves) Frederick Douglass: born into slavery, escaped and educated himself Created the newspaper The North Star Called for a gradual freeing of slaves Slavery and Abolition

11. Rural Slavery Plantations Dawn till dusk Overseer Most lived on farms with 10 or more slaves 2.8 million Urban Slavery Mills and on ships Skilled work like blacksmithing 400,000 in cities “hired out” Life as a slave

12. Born a slave in 1800 Preacher Believed God chose him to free his people Eclipse in 1831: divine sign With 80 followers, killed 60 whites Captured and hanged Whites killed 200 blacks in retaliation Tightened control of slaves Nat Turner’s Rebellion

13. Pre-Civil War South Slaves forbade from reading/writing Bible used to defend slavery Gag rule in Congress on slavery: limited debate on the issue Antebellum

14. Cult of Domesticity: women’s place in the home Abolitionist: supported by women to end slavery Sarah and Angeline Grimke Temperance Movement: to end the drinking of alcohol Seneca Falls Convention: Women’s Rights Convention Women’s Declaration of Independence Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women and Reform

15. Reformers -Abolitionists / Suffrage Grimke sisters Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Stanton Susan B. Anthony Sojourner Truth -Temperance move to ban alcohol

16. Women’s Movement -women saw increased opportunities in reform movements -Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”

17. Seneca Falls Convention • 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott decided to hold a women’s rights convention. (SFC) • Proposed an agenda and detailed grievances. • “Decleration of Sentiments” • “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men AND women are created equal.”

18. Seneca Falls Convention • Nearly 300 women AND men gathered at the Wesleyan Methodist Church. • Approved all parts of the declaration unanimously • Equality except for the right to vote. • Voting was very controversial.

19. Isabella Baumfree Born a slave Abolitionist (Against slavery) “Ain’t I a woman” Sojourner Truth