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Goals

Goals. Understand networking concepts Understand network protocols Identify the fundamentals of TCP/IP Configure TCP/IP Examine IP addressing in TCP/IP Troubleshoot TCP/IP Examine Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). (Skill 1). Introducing Networking Concepts.

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Goals

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  1. Goals • Understand networking concepts • Understand network protocols • Identify the fundamentals of TCP/IP • Configure TCP/IP • Examine IP addressing in TCP/IP • Troubleshoot TCP/IP • Examine Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

  2. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts Basic concepts and terminology • To understand how communication occurs in a Windows Server 2003 network, you must first understand some basic networking concepts, including several definitions • Protocol • Packets • Network interface card (NIC) • Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS)

  3. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (2) Basic concepts and terminology • Protocol • Provides a set of rules and standards for data transfer • Computers must share at least one common protocol to exchange data • Defines the methods of formatting data into discrete units, called packets (also known as datagrams, segments, or frames), transfers these units across networks, and provides the rules for interpreting them • IP packet • Consists of three sections: header, data, and footer (also known as the trailer) • Packets are sent and received through network media

  4. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (3) Basic concepts and terminology • Network media • Consists of physical wiring that can be made of copper, fiber-optic, or even wireless (radio wave-based or infrared) media • This wiring is connected to a network interface card in the computer • Network interface card (NIC) • A computer can have more than one NIC installed • Each NIC has a unique address called the media access control (MAC) address assigned by the manufacturer of the NIC • Each NIC has a set of software drivers, which follow the NDIS standard for API development, to encode and decode data

  5. (Skill 1) Figure 10-1 Packet Structure

  6. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (4) Basic concepts and terminology • Binding • A process that configures a protocol to make use of a specific NIC • Provides information about available network services that client computers can use to make connections over a network • During the installation of Windows Server 2003, each protocol that is installed is bound to the NIC • Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS) allows you to bind multiple protocols to a NIC and enables each protocol to send information on the same network

  7. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (5) Basic concepts and terminology • Binding order • Establishes the protocol to use first when a network connection is established • The client computer in an exchange determines the protocol to use to establish the connection • You can manually change the binding order of the protocols to enhance network performance

  8. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (6) Basic concepts and terminology • Networks are classified into three types based on the location and proximity of the computers • Local Area Network (LAN): Used to connect computers, printers, and other devices in the same physical location or within a limited geographic area, such as an office building • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): When you connect two or more LANs within the same city, the resulting network is known as a MAN • Wide Area Network (WAN): When you connect two or more geographically separated LANs or MANs, the resulting network is called a WAN

  9. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (7) Basic concepts and terminology • Network topologies • The cables that join computers in a network can have different layouts called network topologies • Network topologies are often separated into two types • Physical network topology describes how the devices are cabled • Logical network topology describes the logical path each packet will take across the network

  10. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (8) Basic concepts and terminology • Network topologies • In a bus/bus (physical bus, logical bus) topology, such as 10Base-2 or Thin Ethernet, the nodes (all devices that are capable of communicating on the network) are wired in a bus, meaning they all connect to the same physical cable • This type of physical topology requires that each end of the bus be terminated to prevent signals from rebounding at the end of each bus and causing signal errors • This is also a logical bus, because each data transmission must pass through each computer regardless of the final destination

  11. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts ( 9) Basic concepts and terminology • Network topologies • In a physical ring topology, adjacent devices are connected and the nodes are arranged in a circular shape • Each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it, and no terminator is necessary, which is sometimes referred to as a closed loop configuration • Messages travel around the ring and each node will receive all messages, but each node only listens to messages that are addressed to it

  12. (Skill 1) Use the Up and Down arrow buttons to change the order in which protocols are bound to the NIC Figure 10-2 Changing the binding order

  13. (Skill 1) Figure 10-3 Bus network topology

  14. (Skill 1) Figure 10-4 Ring network topology

  15. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (10) Basic concepts and terminology • Routable protocols • Can route through LANs and WANs via a router • Examples include TCP/IP and NWLink • Routable protocols • Can only be used on a local subnet • Examples include NetBEUI and Data Link Control (DLC), which are quickly becoming obsolete

  16. (Skill 1) Introducing Networking Concepts (11) Basic concepts and terminology • Transport protocols • Connection-oriented protocol • Establishes a confirmed connection with the destination computer • Transfers data in three steps: connection establishment, data transfer, and connection release • Connectionless protocol • No connection is established between the communicating devices • No notification that the data packets were received • Connectionless protocols are like delivering mail where a letter is dropped into the mailbox without confirming that the letter has reached its destination

  17. (Skill 1) Supported by Windows XP, Windows XP Professional, and Windows Server 2003 Figure 10-5 DLC Protocol for Windows XP

  18. (Skill 1) Figure 10-6 Connection-oriented protocols

  19. (Skill 2) Introducing Network Protocols • All versions of Windows Server 2003 support the installation of the following protocols • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) • AppleTalk • NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport protocol • Microsoft TCP/IP version 6 • Network Monitor Driver • Reliable Multicast Protocol

  20. (Skill 2) Figure 10-7 Windows Server 2003 network protocols

  21. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP TCP/IP protocol • Consists of a suite of protocols used to provide connectivity across operating systems and hardware platforms • Is scalable, which means you can implement it in different types of networks, from small offices to large corporations • Is the core protocol for the Internet • Provides reliable data transfer because it is a routable protocol

  22. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (2) TCP/IP suite of protocols • Based on a four-layered conceptual model called the DOD (Department of Defense) model • Layers • Network Interface Layer • Internet Layer • Transport Layer • Application Layer

  23. (Skill 3) Figure 10-8 The DOD model

  24. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (3) Network Interface Layer (DOD model) • Physical layer • Places TCP/IP packets on the network medium and receives them off the network medium • Also known as the Network Access Layer • Located at the base of the DOD model

  25. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (4) Internet Layer (DOD model) • Responsible for addressing and routing IP datagrams • Each packet being sent or received is called an IP datagram • An IP datagram contains information about the source and destination addresses that are used to transfer data between computers on a network and across networks • Supported protocols • Internet Protocol (IP) • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

  26. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (5) Transport Layer (DOD model) • Provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services • The connection is established between the communicating computers using the following protocols • TCP • UDP • Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM)

  27. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (6) Application Layer (DOD model) • Located at the top of the DOD model • Enables applications to access the services of the other layers • Defines the protocols that applications must use to exchange data • Common Application Layer protocols • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Telnet

  28. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (7) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model • Another model used to conceptualize network communications • Uses a seven-layered networking framework • In this model, data transmission begins at the Application layer in the sending device and moves layer by layer to the bottommost Physical layer • Each layer in the DOD model corresponds to one or more layers in the OSI model

  29. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (8) OSI model layers • Application (Layer 7) provides services to applications • Presentation (Layer 6) converts data • Session (Layer 5) enables data transport • Transport (Layer 4) supplies control for all communications • Network (Layer 3) manages logical addressing and routing • Data Link (Layer 2) supplies error control and handles data frames • Physical (Layer 1) connects the networking component to the media used to transmit data

  30. (Skill 3) Figure 10-9 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model

  31. (Skill 3) Figure 10-10 Data flow in the OSI model

  32. (Skill 3) Figure 10-11 The OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite

  33. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (9) Application layer (DOD model) • Corresponds to the Application, Presentation and Session layers is the OSI model • Provides services that are used to access and manage resources on TCP/IP networks • DNS (Domain Name System) • Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) • Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

  34. (Skill 3) Identifying the Fundamentals of TCP/IP (10) Application layer (DOD model) • Allows applications to access the services provided by TCP/IP protocols through application programming interfaces (APIs) • An API consists of a set of functions and commands that are called by an application code to perform network functions • Examples of APIs • Windows Sockets (Winsock) • .NET Framework classes

  35. (Skill 3) Figure 10-12 The .Net framework

  36. (Skill 4) Configuring TCP/IP • TCP/IP protocol is installed by default during the installation of Windows Server 2003 • You need to configure the TCP/IP parameters to enable communication between hosts on your network • Two addressing schemes • Static IP addressing scheme in which you have to manually assign IP addresses to every network host • Dynamic IP addressing, in which an IP address is assigned to a host each time it logs on to the network

  37. (Skill 4) Configuring TCP/IP (2) Static IP addressing • TCP/IP parameters to configure • IP address: A 32-bit number divided into 4 octets with two parts • Network ID (also known as the network address) identifies all hosts on the network • Host ID identifies a specific host • Subnet mask: A 32-bit value that distinguishes the network ID from the host ID, regardless of whether classful or classless IP addresses are being used • Default gateway: The default router for a TCP/IP host, which is used to access any network that is not specifically defined in the host’s routing table

  38. (Skill 4) Configuring TCP/IP (3) • Names associated with a computer • Host name is used for computers that use DNS • NetBIOS name is used for older Windows networks • Name resolution is a process used to map computer names to IP addresses • NetBIOS name resolution methods • Broadcast • LMHOSTs file • WINS • Host name resolution methods • HOSTs file • DNS

  39. (Skill 4) Configuring TCP/IP (4) Guidelines for planning the IP addressing scheme • The IP address range 127.0.0.0-127.255.255.254 cannot be used • It is set aside for IP loopback function, which is used to diagnose network connectivity problems • Use the Ping utility with any loopback address to determine if the local host is correctly configured to connect to the TCP/IP network • There are several groups of reserved IP addresses (private addresses) • These can only be used on private networks • They cannot be used on the Internet • IP addresses in the range of 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 are reserved for Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

  40. (Skill 4) Click to open the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box Figure 10-13 The Local Area Connection Properties dialog box

  41. (Skill 4) Use to manually enter a static IP Address for a preferred and an alternate DNS server Figure 10-14 The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box

  42. (Skill 5) Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP • Computers that use the TCP/IP protocol must have an IP address that identifies them on the network • An IP address is a 32-bit number that is written as four octets separated by periods • Each octet is an 8-bit binary number, which represents a decimal number in the range 0-255 • To convert an IP address to a binary number, you must understand that each octet is written in base 10 and must be converted to base 2

  43. (Skill 5) Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP (2) Classful IP addressing • The first major addressing scheme used for the Internet • Address classes • Class A: Has an 8-bit network ID hosts per network; supports up to 126 networks with up to 16,777,214 hosts per network • Class B: Has a 16-bit network ID; supports up to 16,384 networks with up to 65,534 hosts per network • Class C: Has a 24-bit network ID; supports up to 2,097,152 networks with up to 254 hosts per network • Class D: Used for multicasting applications • Class E: Used for experimental purposes

  44. (Skill 5) Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP (3) Subnet mask • Breaks up an IP address into the network ID and host ID • To determine the network ID, you perform what is referred to as a logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask • You can add additional bits to the default subnet mask for a particular class to subnet a network • When you subnet a network, you are simply splitting it up into smaller networks

  45. (Skill 5) Introducing IP Addressing in TCP/IP (4) Classless IP addressing • When you use an IP address with a subnet mask that is not one of the defaults and you perform the logical AND operation, the result is that the host bits are broken up into two parts: a subnet ID and a host ID • This type of IP addressing is called classless IP addressing • Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) • The Internet routing method that uses classless IP addressing to allow for the more flexible and efficient allocation of IP addresses • CIDR notation uses a slash followed by the number of bits in the network ID; the number following the slash notation is referred to as the network prefix

  46. (Skill 5) Figure 10-15 Converting Decimal to Binary

  47. (Skill 5) Figure 10-16 Each resource on a network has a different host ID

  48. (Skill 5) Figure 10-17 Classless IP Addressing

  49. (Skill 5) Figure 10-18 Determining Subnets

  50. (Skill 5) Figure 10-19 Subnet Ranges

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