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Chapter. 1. Architectural Styles. Objectives. Describe traditional architectural styles used in the United States. Explain how social and cultural ideas influence architecture. Explain the historical design influences on today’s residential homes. Identify types of multifamily housing.
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Chapter 1 Architectural Styles
Objectives • Describe traditional architectural styles used in the United States. • Explain how social and cultural ideas influence architecture. • Explain the historical design influences on today’s residential homes. • Identify types of multifamily housing. • Describe current trends in architecture.
Introduction • The study of architecture encompasses: • A sensitivity to design • Skill in drawing techniques • A knowledge of construction • Awareness of technological advancements • Good knowledge of architectural style
American Architectural Styles • Native American homes • American Colonial homes • Romantic styles • Victorian styles • Period home styles
Native American Homes • Wigwam • Tipi • Longhouse • Adobe • Earthen house
Adobe • Pueblo Indians in the Southwest built homes made of adobe brick, stone, earth, and timber • Homes were flat-roofed, with multiple stories • Adobe dwellings later inspired Spanish Colonial, Spanish Eclectic, southwestern, and eco-friendly housing styles
American Colonial Homes • Log home • Saltbox • Cape Cod • Tidewater • Spanish Colonial • Georgian • Federal/Adam
Saltbox • “Lean-to” structure added more living space • Low, slanting roof gave house a distinctive shape • Resembled the shape of a box used during Colonial period for keeping salt and other sundries
Cape Cod • Gable roof • Central chimney located in line with the front door • Eaves line near top of windows that flank entrance • Same features incorporated into houses today
Spanish Colonial • Thick walls made of adobe brick or rubble stone • Few windows • Multiple doors • Pitched or flat roof • Interior and exterior walls covered with mud or lime plaster, whitewash, or cement stucco
Georgian • Introduced into America through the use of pattern books
Georgian • Introduced into America through the use of pattern books
Federal/Adam • Symbolizes period just after American Revolution • Inspired by classical Greek and Roman architecture • Symmetrical, multistory • Low-pitched or flat roof • Entrance centered on front facade
Romantic Styles • Romanticism was a new social movement • Focused on nature, antiquity, emotion, individuality, democracy, and art • Main architectural styles were Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate
Gothic Revival • Common features: • Steeply pitched, cross-gabled roof with decorative gable trim • Gothic, or pointed, arch in window extending into gable area • Finials at top of gables to accentuate roof
Italianate • Wood-frame or masonry • Square or rectangular, with two or three stories • Flat, low-pitched roof • Wide, overhanging eaves supported by decorative brackets • Entryway had arched double doors, small porch
Victorian Styles • The Victorian period occurred during the Industrial Revolution, from 1860 to 1900 • Homes were very ornate • Common styles included Second Empire, Stick, and Queen Anne
Second Empire • Most distinctive feature was the mansard roof
Stick • Used exterior wall surface as decorative element • Exposed horizontal, vertical, and diagonal boards • Steeply pitched roof • Exposed roof trusses and rafter ends • Wood clapboards or shingles • Patterned masonry
Queen Anne • Asymmetrical forms • Steeply pitched roof • Projecting gables • Patterned shingles and masonry • Massive chimneys • Stucco • Half timbers • Wraparound porch
Period Home Styles • A period home represented the past, when the virtues of tradition were important • Popular period styles include Colonial Revival, Spanish Eclectic, and Tudor Revival
Colonial Revival • Borrowed features from early Colonial period • Rectangular shape, with one-story wing • Rectangular, double-hung windows, grouped in pairs • Centrally located door, decorated with pediment • Covered porch or portico
Spanish Eclectic • Mixture of decorative elements from multiple eras made the style “eclectic”
Tudor Revival • Wood-frame structure covered with stucco, brick, stone, or wood, often with half-timbering
20th Century Styles • Modernism strove to bring back quality of life through craftsmanship • Styles included Craftsman, Prairie, Art Deco, Art Moderne, International, Ranch, Postmodern, and Neomodern
Craftsman Period • Lasted from 1860 to 1930 • Mail-order houses sold as affordable, mass-produced, unassembled houses in do-it-yourself kits • Two basic Craftsman styles were foursquare and bungalow
Prairie • Style blended in with Midwest prairie landscape • Rectangular, one or two story • Flat or low-hipped roof with wide overhanging eaves • Horizontal lines, natural building materials created harmony with surroundings
Art Deco • Smooth surfaces, geometric shapes, projections having strong vertical or horizontal lines
Art Moderne • Asymmetrical, smooth surfaces, curved corners, flat roof, few decorative features
Ranch • Long, low, rectangular, one-story house style • Low-pitched, gabled roof, with wide overhanging eaves • Traditionally built on slab, no basement
Postmodern • Postmodernism reintroduced decoration
Neomodern • Same basic principles as International style • Emphasizes form and function • Rejects the use of decoration and elements borrowed from past architectural styles
Architecture Green • Green design • Many architects and designers incorporate green design and sustainability into their work • Goal of green design is to create buildings that conserve resources while being “environmentally friendly” • Sustainability is the ability to last a long time without having a negative impact on the environment and future generations of people
Residential Architecture Today • Contemporary and modern houses are current but do borrow features from traditional styles • Needs and finances of family dictate type and style of housing • Architect must meet client’s needs
Multifamily Housing • Accommodates more than one family unit • Includes: • Cooperatives • Condominiums • Townhouses • Apartments
Cooperative • A type of ownership • Residents are stockholders • Advantages: affordability, community control • Disadvantages: excessive record keeping, lengthy decision-making process, conflicts between stockholders, bad decisions affect all stockholders
Employability • Keeping up with architectural trends • Architectural field changes constantly • Employers seek job candidates who keep up with trends • Keep knowledge up-to-date by using a variety of sources, from Internet searches to trade journals to professional society memberships • Evaluate sources for reliability and reputation
Condominium • Owner buys a unit and share of common ground • Common property is maintained through association fees paid by owners • Advantages: pride of ownership, ability to gain equity • Disadvantages: privacy, association fees, maintenance and repair fees
Townhouse • Connected to other houses by a common wall • Buyer purchases unit and the land it sits on • Owner’s responsibility to maintain unit, including any yard
Apartment • Rentable living space • Apartments can be found in many types of building • Advantages: affordability, range of amenities, styles, and price ranges, require little upkeep or maintenance • Disadvantages: loss of control over living space
Trends in Architecture • Increased use of environmentally friendly building materials and construction techniques • Sustainable housing