Female Reproduction & Birth Control

1. Female Reproduction& Birth Control

2. Outline: Female Reproductive • Oogenesis • X-Inactivation • Anatomy: names of major organs and structures • Physiology: function of major organs and structures • Menstrual cycle • Pre-menstrual syndrome • Menopause • Hormone Replacement Therapy • Female Birth Control • At home pregnancy tests

3. Oogenesis End at prophase I End at metaphase II Fertilization completes meiosis

4. X Inactivation

5. Female Reproduction

6. Female Reproductive Tract External genitalia

7. Female internal structures of the reproductive tract

8. Oocytes stimulated Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Hypothalamus & pituitary Ovarian hormones

10. The hormones “talk” and work together! Hypothalamus (GnRH)

11. The Ovary and Ovulationlet’s look more closely…

12. Overview of Menustrual Cycle Pituitary Hormones Ovarian cycle Ovarian hormone Uterine lining Body temp.

13. Hormones and Menstrual CycleAnother look at the process

14. Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Characterized by mood changes, and irritability depression some women experience just prior to menstruation. • Possible links to: • Hormonal changes at menstruation • Changes in certain brain neurotransmitters • Low levels of certain vitamins

15. Menopause • Cessation of menstrual cycle • Approx. 45-55 years of age • Decline in estrogen

16. HRT

17. Birth Control Abstinence Hormonal methods Prevention of implantation Barrier methods

18. Oral Contraceptives

19. Oral Contraceptives • Oral contraceptives: • are bases on the fact that estrogen and progesterone can inhibit GnRH.

20. Types of oral contraceptives • Combination Pill: • synthetic progestins and estrogens • Inhibit ovulation • The Mini-pill: • contains only progesterone-like substances • Thins endometrium • Thickens cervical mucus • May inhibit ovulation

21. Disadvantages:Oral Contraceptives • Controversy: • associated with BRCA • Does NOT protect against STD’s mammogram

22. Norplant and Depo-Provera • Norplant: • implanted beneath the skin • lasts 5 year, progesterone-like steroids • Inhibits ovulation • Thins wall of endometrium • Thickens cervical mucus • Intramuscular injection • of progesterone like substance • every 3 months

23. Disadvantages of Norplant and Depro-Provera • Norplant: • leads also to prolonged menstruation, • headaches and mood changes • Depo-Porvera: • Menstrual irregularities, • possibly increased risk of osteoporesis and BRCA

24. Emergency Contraceptive: Morning After Pill or Plan B • Prevents ovulation, fertilization or implantation • Plan B: contains high dose of progestin • Prevents sperm from reaching the oocyte • Prevents implantation • Prevents ovulation (if estrogen is part of the treatment) • Given within 72 h of vaginal intercourse • Second dose 12 h later Levonorgestrel

25. RU 486 + Prostaglandin Mifepristone + Misoprostol Mifeprex • RU 486 Has antiprogesterone activity • RU 486 is followed by prostaglandin derivative • Endometrium erodes and contraction of myometrium • Used to up to 7th week of pregnancy • Approved by FDA in 2000

26. Intrauterine device (IUD) • Acts prior to fertilization • Interferes with implantation

27. Condoms Latex • Advantage protects against STD’s Female condom polyurethane

28. Vaginal Sponge • May be inserted as much as 24 hrs before intercourse • May irritate vaginal lining • May fragment

29. Diaphragms and Cervical Caps

30. Sterilization • Vasectomy • Tubal Ligation