Energy

1. Energy “You are meddling with forces you cannot possibly comprehend.” - Marcus, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

2. How Is Electricity Generated? • An electric generatoris a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through a turbine. • Fuel is burned to heat water into steam. • A turbine is a wheel that changes the force of the steam into energy. • The energy from the turbine spins a generator to produce electricity.

3. How Is Electricity Generated?

4. Current Energy Sources • Fossil Fuels currently provide about 85% of all commercial energy in the world. • Other renewable sources (wind, solar, hydroelectric) make up 9% of commercial power. • Nuclear power makes up 6% of commercial power.

5. Worldwide Commercial Energy Production

6. What is a Gigajoule? • One gigajoule = • Three hundred gigajoules =

7. Per Capita Consumption • Richest 20 countries consume nearly 80% of natural gas, 65% of oil, and 50% of coal production annually. • On average, each person in the U.S. and Canada uses more than 300 GJ of energy annually. • In poorest countries of the world, each person generally consumes less than one GJ annually.

8. Per Capita Energy Use

9. How Energy is Used: MAKE A PIE CHART • Largest share of energy used in the U.S. is consumed by industry (32.6%). • Residential and Commercial buildings use 37.6% of primary energy consumed in U.S. • Transportation consumes about 26% of all energy used in the U.S. • Three trillion passenger miles and 600 billion ton miles of freight carried annually by motor vehicles in the U.S.

10. How Energy Is Used Cont’d • Electricity generation is very inefficient. • About half of all energy in primary fuels is lost by the time the electricity is actually used: • Coal power plants are only about 30% efficient. • About 10% is lost during transmission across the power lines. • More power is wasted by the appliance itself.

11. Historical Uses of Energy • First, humans used sunlight for energy- ate plants/animals and burned wood for fuel • Mid-1700s – burned coal (also energy from the sun) • 1900’s + - coal, oil and natural gas (advanced technology = greater need for more fuel and more energy content.

12. Coal

13. COAL • Coal • Mainly made of carbon, but also contains sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Created by the accumulation of plant matter over thousands of years.

15. Increasing heat and carbon content Increasing moisture content Lignite (brown coal) Peat (not a coal) Bituminous (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal) Heat Heat Heat Pressure Pressure Pressure Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas Stepped Art Fig. 15-11, p. 383

16. COAL • Early Uses • Coal has been used as an energy source dating as far back as 400 A.D. in Rome. • Used as an alternative to wood, because the forests were mostly clear-cut around the city. • Demand increased during the industrial revolution, when the steam engine was invented.

17. FOSSIL FUELS • Coal • World coal deposits are vast, ten times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined. • Total resource is estimated at 10 trillion metric tons. • Proven-in-place reserves should last about 200 years.

18. FOSSIL FUELS • Coal • World coal deposits are vast, ten times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined. • Total resource is estimated at 10 trillion metric tons. • Proven-in-place reserves should last about 200 years.

19. Proven Coal Reserves: MAKE A PIE CHART

20. Coal • Mining • About 40% of coal is located near the surface and can strip mined. • The other 60% is too deep underground. • Underground mining is dirty and dangerous; thousands of workers have died of respiratory diseases. • Black Lung Disease - Inflammation and fibrosis caused by accumulation of coal dust in the lungs or airways.

21. Figure 12.06

23. Coal Cont’d • Air Pollution • 900 million tons of coal burned in U.S. for electric power generation. • Multiple pollutants released. • Sulfur Dioxide – Rotten eggs smell, creates acid rain (sulfuric acid) • Nitrogen Oxides – Brown haze, creates acid rain (nitric acid) • Particulates - Smoke • Carbon Dioxide – Greenhouse gas

24. Oil • Petroleum • Liquid made mainly of carbon, but also hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and trace amounts of heavy metals.

25. Oil • Uses • Petroleum is most commonly distilled (separated) into fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel.

26. Uses of Petroleum • http://gasoilenergy.com/2010/04/top-16-uses-of-petroleum/ • List 5 items from the list that surprised you.

27. Oil • Resources and Reserves • In 2004, proven reserves were roughly 1 trillion barrels. • Estimated 800 billion barrels remain to be discovered.

28. OPEC was founded in Baghdad, Iraq with the signing of an agreement in Sept. 1960 by 5 countries namely Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

29. Proven Recoverable Oil Reserves MAKE A PIE CHART

30. Worldwide Oil Exports

31. Worldwide Oil Imports

32. Oil Cont’d • The primary use of oil is for transportation. • Provides more than 90% of transportation energy.

33. Most Oil Is Found Deep Within The Earth’s Crust In deciding where to drill for oil, scientists look for 1) shale and limestone 2) permeable/porous rock such as sandstone and limestone that may be reservoir rock and 3) a layer of impermeable rock

34. Natural Gas • World’s third largest commercial fuel. • 23% of global energy consumption. • Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent amount of coal. • Most rapidly growing energy source. • Difficult to ship long distances, and to store in large quantities. • Often extracted from the same wells as petroleum

35. Natural Gas Cont’d • Resources and Reserves • Proven world reserves of natural gas are 5,500 trillion cubic feet. • Current reserves represent roughly 60 year supply at present usage rates.

36. Proven-In-Place Natural Gas ReservesMAKE A PIE CHART

37. Fracking and Flaring • Fracking song • Shale Gas Flares: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hflwYyar93M&list=PLXS3ofclMW7ZAjP_4Pqf8fbBln01_UJ8i • Gas Flaring Around the World: A view of global gas flaring based on satellite observations: a joint effort between the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the World Bank-led Global Gas Flaring: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miOJ86B4xe8&list=PLXS3ofclMW7ZAjP_4Pqf8fbBln01_UJ8i • Gas Flaring news report: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9GdK_Q78BA

38. HOW DO WE USE ENERGY IN OUR HOMES?

39. In Georgia… • 74% of our electricity comes from the burning of COAL • 19% of our electricity comes from NUCLEAR POWER • 6% of our electricity comes from NATURAL GAS AND OIL • 1% of our electricity comes from HYDROELECTRIC POWER

40. COAL Georgia had 46 coal-fired generating stations in 2005.

41. NUCLEAR POWER IN GEORGIA There are two nuclear power plants in Georgia. One in Baxley (Hatch Nuclear Plant) and one in Waynesboro (Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant).

42. OIL AND NATURAL GAS IN GEORGIA Oil and natural gas are piped into Georgia. Georgia has no natural supplies of these fossil fuels.

43. HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN GEORGIA THERE ARE 4 MAJOR PRODUCERS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN GEORGIA. GEORGIA POWER CO, TVA , OGLETHORPE POWER CO. AND THE US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS. LAKE LANIER IS OWNED BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS AND PRODUCES ELECTRICITY FOR THE SURROUNDING COUNTIES. IT CAN PRODUCE 7.5-130MWH.

44. An alternative source of energy…. Sugar cane http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8262577.stm