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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institue of Technology

The InterPlanetary Superhighway and the Development of Space ASI Futuristic Space Technologies 5/2002. Martin.Lo @ jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institue of Technology. Trajectory Is a Key Space Technology. Golden Age of Trajectory Technology Just Around Corner

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institue of Technology

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  1. The InterPlanetary Superhighway and the Development of Space ASI Futuristic Space Technologies 5/2002 Martin.Lo @ jpl.nasa.gov Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institue of Technology

  2. Trajectory Is a Key Space Technology • Golden Age of Trajectory Technology Just Around Corner • Trajectory Is a Mission-Enabling, Intellectual Technology • Not All Technology Is Hardware! • Space H/W Technology and Trajectory MUST Develop Side by Side • Like “Rail Road Tracks” for the Train • Example: Ion Engines Have Been Around a Long Time, Their Use Have Been Limited by the Lack of ‘Low Thrust’ Trajectory Design Tools

  3. Outline • The InterPlanetary Superhighway (IPS) • A New Paradigm for the Solar System • Low Energy Orbits for Space Missions

  4. Goddard Space Flight Center How It All Began: ISEE3/ICE GSFC: FARQUHAR, Dunham, Folta, et al Courtesy of D. Folta, GSFC

  5. Goddard Space Flight Center Current Libration Missions • z WIND SOHO ACE MAP GENESIS NGST Courtesy of D. Folta, GSFC

  6. Lagrange Points in Earth’s Neighborhood • Every 3 Body System Has 5 Fixed Points Called Lagrange Points • Earth-Moon-S/C: LL1, LL2, … LL5 • Sun-Earth-S/C: EL1, EL2, … • They Generate the InterPlanetary Superhighway

  7. Orbital Zoology Near the Lagrange Points • Four Families of Orbits, Conley [1968], McGehee [1969], Ref. Paper • Periodic Orbit (Planar Lyapunov) • Spiral Asymptotic Orbit (Stable Manifold Pictured) • Transit Orbits (MUST PASS THRU LYAPUNOV ORBIT) • Non-Transit Orbits (May Transit After Several Revolutions) X S: Sun Region J: Jupiter Region X: Exterior Region (Outside Jupiter’s Orbit) S J

  8. Generated by Stable & Unstable Manifolds of Unstable Libration Orbits • Unstable Periodic Orbits • Generate the Tubes • Portals to the Tubes • The Tubes Govern Transport • Transport Must Occur Thru Tubes • Systematically Map Out Orbit Space • Green Tube = Stable Manifold: Orbits Approach the L1 Periodic Orbit, No DV Needed • Red Tube = Unstable Manifold: Orbits Leave the L1 Periodic Orbit Planet MWL - 11

  9. Halo Orbit Transfer and Insertion ViaThe InterPlanetary Superhighway

  10. UTTR84 x 30 km Genesis Mission: Uses L1, L2 Heteroclinic Behavior to Collect & Return Solar Wind Samples to Earth

  11. View from N. Ecliptic (Z-axis) 1 1 Launch 01/07/01 2 TCM-1 01/07/01 3 TCM-2 01/14/01 4 TCM-3 01/21/01 5 TCM-4 04/13/01 6 Halo Orbit Insertion (TCM-5) 04/23/01 7 Begin Science Phase 04/30/01 8 End Science Phase 03/22/03 9 Halo Orbit Departure (TCM-6) 04/01/03 10 TCM-7 04/15/03 11 TCM-8 06/10/03 12 TCM-9 07/20/03 13 TCM-10 08/09/03 14 TCM-11 08/18/03 15 Entry 08/19/03 16 Backup Entry 09/07/03 Y 11 0.5 lunar 5 8 orbit 9 1, 15, 16 0 To Sun 4 6 14 2 3 X 7 12 halo 13 10 -0.5 orbit parking orbit (option) L+30d Transfer Science -1 Return Recovery 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 Z 4 4 10 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 14 10 14 11 11 To Sun X 8 8 7 9 5 9 13 13 6 5 7 6 12 12 -0.5 -0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 View from Anti-Earth Velocity (-Y-axis) View from Anti-Sun (X-axis) Axis, in millions of kilometers: X = Sun-Earth Line, positive anti-sun Y = (Z) x (X) Z = Ecliptic Normal Nominal Trajectory NO Deterministic DV!

  12. Genesis Mission Design Collaboration • Martin Lo JPL • Genesis Mission Design Manager • Kathleen Howell Purdue University • Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics • Brian Barden JPL, Purdue University • Roby Wilson JPL, Purdue University

  13. Pioneer Work: Numerical Exploration by Hand JPL Lagrange Group

  14. New Paradigm: Dynamical Systems Automation Lunar Orbit L2 Earth L1 Halo Orbit Portal JPL Lagrange Group

  15. Why Dynamical Systems Theory? • Traditional Approach • Requires First Hand Numerical Knowledge of Phase Space • Each Trajectory Must Be Computed Manually (VERY SLOW) • Cannot Perform Extensive Parametric Study or Montecarlo Simulation • Optimization Difficult, Nearly Impossible • Dynamical Systems Theory Provides • S/W Automatic Generation of Trajectories • S/W Automatically Maps Out Phase Space Structures • Near Optimum Trajectory • Automatable Parametric Studies & Montecarlo Simulations ISEE3/ICE Orbit Genesis Unstable Manifold

  16. LTool Reduced Genesis End-to-End Orbit Design from 8-12 Weeks to 1 Day We Did It!

  17. LTool Supported Genesis Launch Delay • Genesis Launch Delayed from 2/01 to 8/01 • LTool Enabled Designers to Replan Genesis Mission in 1 Week • Without LTool, Genesis Would Require Costly Additional Delay • LTool and Dynamical Systems Contributed Significantly to Genesis’ Successful Launch on 8/8/2001. ISEE3/ICE Orbit Genesis Unstable Manifold

  18. JPL LTool Team • Martin Lo Section 312 • Task Manager • Dr. Larry Romans Section 335 • Cognizant S/W Engineer (Marthematica Developer) • Dr. George Hockney Section 367 • S/W Architecture & Sys Engineer • Dr. Brian Barden Section 312 • Trajectory Design & Algorithms • Min-Kun Chung Section 312 • Astrodynamics Tools • James Evans Section 368 • Infrastructure S/W, Visualization Tools

  19. InterPlanetary Superhighway: Many Different Types of Orbital Motions Hiten Lunar Capture Lunar Orbit L2 Earth L1 Halo Orbit Portal Escape to SIRTF Earth Trailer Orbits Lunar Flyby JPL Lagrange Group Earth Flyby & Capture Genesis Earth Return Via L2

  20. Tunneling Through Phase Space Via IPS • Cross Section of Tube Intersection Partitions Global Behavior • Yellow Region Tunnels Through from X Through J to S Regions • Green Circle: J to S Region, Red Circle: X to J Region • Genesis-Type Trajectory Between L2 and L1 Halo Orbits (Heteroclinic)

  21. Construction of Rapid Transition • Manifold Intersections Computed Via Poincare Sections • Reduce Dimension by 1, Tube Becomes Circle • Intersections Provide Transit Orbits from L2 to L1

  22. Construction of Capture Orbits • Manifold Intersections Computed Via Poincare Sections • Reduce Dimension by 1, Tube Becomes Circle

  23. Construction of Heteroclinic Orbits • Manifold Intersections Computed Via Poincare Sections • Reduce Dimension by 1, Tube Becomes Circle • Green Circle Leaves J to S Region • Red Circle Enters J from X Region • Intersections Provide Transit Orbits from L2 to L1

  24. Heteroclinic-Homoclinic Chain in Jupiter’s InterPlanetary Superhighway • 2:3 to 3:2 Resonance Transport, No Energy Transfer Needed • Source of Chaotic Motion in the Solar System 2:3 Resonance Hilda 3:2 Resonance

  25. Genesis’ Homoclinic-Heteroclinic Chain • Genesis Shadows Heteroclinic Cycle, Moon Plays Role (Bell et al.) • SIRTF, SIM-Type Heliocentric Orbits Related to Homoclinic Orbits

  26. Xsun N5 L1 N2 Sun N1 Jupiter N3 L2 N4 Theorem to Temporary Capture by Design • The Existence of Homoclinic and Heteroclinic Cycles Implies We Can Choose An Infinite Sequence of Integers, Doubly Indexed, N(i ,j) , i = Sun, L1, Jupiter, L2, Xsun; j = 1, 2, 3, … N(i ,j) = Number of Revolutions Around Body(I), Called an ITINERARY • THEOREM: There Exist an Orbit Which Realizes N(i ,j). • Based on Conley-Moser’s Theorem on Symbolic Dynamics • Voila! TEMPORARY CAPTURE BY DESIGN

  27. Orbit with Itinerary (X,J;S,J,X) • Using Symbolic Dynamics Technique to Realize Complex Itinerary • Capture Around Jupiter Multiple Revolutions (Specifiable) • Note (2:3) to (3:2) Resonance Transition

  28. Foundation Dynamics Work • Wang Sang Koon Caltech • Martin Lo JPL, Principal Investigator • Jerrold Marsden Caltech • Control and Dynamical Systems Department • Shane Ross Caltech

  29. New Paradigm of the Solar SystemInterPlanetary Superhighway Connects All Old Paradigm of the Solar SystemCopernican Model: Isolated Conic Orbits

  30. IPS a New Pardigm of the Solar System • InterPlanetary Superhighway Connects Entire Solar System • Instead of Planets In Isolated Separate Conic Orbits • Solar System Is An Organic and Integrated Whole Where Each Part Is Communicating with One Another • Governs Transport and Morphology of Materials • Shape Morphology of Rings and Belts • Contributes to Theory of Motions of Comets, Asteroids, Dust • Governs Planetary Impacts from Asteroids and Comets • ShoemakerLevy9 Follwed Jupiter IPS to Final Impacts • Genesis Trajectory Is an Impact Trajectory • 1% of Near Earth Objects In Energy Regime of Genesis Trajectory, Considered Most Danerous • This Theory Contributes to Understanding of our Origins

  31. Examples from Nature: Comet Oterma • Theme: Use Natural Dynamics to Optimize DV for Space Missions: • Genesis 6 m/s Det. DV • Jupiter Family Comets • (2:3) to (3:2) Free Resonance Transition • Temporary Capture • L1, L2 as Gate Keeper • What Is Source of Chaotic Dynamics?

  32. L1, L2 Manifolds and Comet Orbits • L1, L2 Manifolds Have (2:3) to (3:2) Resonance Transitions • Manifolds Match Oterma’s Orbit Well • Also Matches Gehrels3 Orbits • Temporary Capture • Near Halo Orbit • L1, L2 Manifolds Are DNA of This Dynamics • Need to Study Invariant Manifold Sturcture

  33. Comet Oterma ShadowsJupiter’s Heteroclinic-Homoclinic Cycles

  34. . . . . Orbits Poincare Map . Mapping the Orbit Space Using Poincare Sections

  35. Poincare Section of Jupiter’s IPS 3:2 Hilda Asteroid Group 4AU 2:1 Kirkwood Gap 2.1 AU

  36. Asteroid Belt Stucture Induced by IPS • Poincare Section from Single Orbit Leaving Jupiter L1 • Each Dot Is a Rev Around the Sun • Spirals Towards Inner Solar System • Eccentricity Grows • Indistiguishable from Ordinary Conic Orbits • Controls Asteroid Belt Structures • Controls Dust Transport and Morphology • Intimate Connection with Low Thrust Trajectory Design 2:1 Mars Crosser 3:2 Stable Arg Perihelin ECC = .5 2.1 AU 4 AU Eccentricity ECC = .05 Semi-Major Axis

  37. X S EARTH IPS ExoZodi Dust Signatures for Planet Detection • Earth’s Zodi Dust Ring Simulated WIth Lagrange Point Dynamics • Only Gravity, No PR Drag • S: Sun Region, Earth: Planet Region, X: Exterior Region • May Provide Planetary Signatures for Exo-Planet Detection

  38. IPS and Transport in the Solar System Poincare Section of the InterPlanetary Superhighway Legend L1 IPS Orbits  L2 IPS Orbits  Comets  Asteroids  Kuiper Belt Object

  39. Discovery of InterPlanetary Superhighway • Martin Lo JPL • Genesis Mission Design Manager • Shane Ross Caltech • Control and Dynamical Systems

  40. Around the Solar System in 80K Days Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) • FREE Spiral Orbit Transfer of KBO to Asteroid Belt Produced by LTool Using IPS • Origin of Jupiter Comets • Replenish Asteroid Belt • Escape from Solar System • Less Than 1 Pluto Year • Scales for Jupiter and Saturn Satellite Systems • Suggests New Low Thrust Algorithm Jupiter Saturn ~Uranus (fictitious mass) ~Neptune (fictitious mass)

  41. Comet L1 , L2 Comet’s Potential Energy Surface From AU to au: Comets & Atomic Physics • Uncanny Similarity of Transport Theory in 3 Body Problem • Rydberg Atom In Cross Fields • Chemical Transition State Theory Atomic Halo Orbit • Nucleus Atomic L1 • Jupiter Atomic Potential Energy Surface • Jupiter

  42. Mars Meteorite • Build Instruments & S/C Lunar L1 Station • Transfer S/C from L1 to Earth-L2 LIO (Libration Oribit) • Service S/C at Earth L2 LIO from Lunar L1 Gateway Hub

  43. Asteroid Transport Rate Near Mars* • Charles Jaffe West Virgina University • Shane Ross Caltech • David Farelly Utah State University • Martin Lo JPL • Jerrold Marsden Caltech • Turgay Uzer Georgia Tech • * To appear in “Physical Review Letters” (7/1/02)

  44. SL9 Impact Via Jovian IPS

  45. River of Life: Astrobiology

  46. 1% Near Earth Objects Have IPS Energies Armageddon Or Opportunity?

  47. IPS and Development of Life: Exobiology • InterPlanetary Superhighway Brought Life Building Material from Comets and Asteroids to Earth • InetrPlanetary Superhighway May Have Brought the Asteroid Killing the Dinosaurs Via a Genesis-Like Orbit • Presence of Abundant Iridium Implies Slow Impact Velocity • Conjectured by Mike Mueller et al (Nemesis Star) • InterPlnaetary Superhighway Theory Can Provide Critical Transport Rates for Astrobiology • How Rates Determine Formation of Life on a Planet • Can Rates Be Obtained from ExoZodi Signatures to Find Potential Life Bearing ExoPlanets?

  48. RESCUE MISSION 911: Hiten, HAC Discover, June 1999

  49. Dynamics of Hiten Lunar Capture Orbits

  50. CONTAINS ALL EARTH TO LUNAR CAPTURE ORBITS ON ENERGY SUFACE TRAJECTORIES FROM SUN-EARTH EXTERIORREGION TO EARTH-MOON INTERIOR REGION TRAJECTORIES FROM SUN-EARTH INTERIORREGION Designing a Lunar Capture Orbit A CROSS SECTION OF THE SUN-EARTH AND EARTH-MOON IPS PARTITIONS THE ORBITAL DESIGN SPACE INTO CLASSES

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