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Transport systems in animals

Transport systems in animals. We’ll be discussing. Functions of a transport/circulatory system Invertebrate circulation Diffusion Aided by gastrovascular cavity Water vascular system Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system Vertebrate circulation Fishes Amphibians. Reptiles

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Transport systems in animals

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  1. Transport systems in animals

  2. We’ll be discussing • Functions of a transport/circulatory system • Invertebrate circulation • Diffusion • Aided by gastrovascular cavity • Water vascular system • Open circulatory system • Closed circulatory system • Vertebrate circulation • Fishes • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals • Pathway of blood • Cardiac cycle • Maintenance of heartbeat • Principles governing blood circulation • Lymphatic system • Blood composition and function • Cardiovascular disease

  3. Functions of the circulatory system • Transports materials • Nutrients from digested food • Respiratory gases: CO2 and O2 • Waste materials: toxins and nitrogenous wastes • Antibodies • Hormones • Enzymes • Immune functions • Maintains homeostasis • Blood pH • Heat transport

  4. How are materials transported in multicellular organisms?Phylum Porifera

  5. How are materials transported in multicellular organisms? Gastrovascular cavity in simple invertebrates • Cnidarians (e.g. Hydra) and flatworms (e.g. planarians) • No system required • Single opening: exchange of materials with the environment • Central cavity for digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body • Body walls two cell layers thick  materials undergo diffusion

  6. How are materials transported in multicellular organisms? Water vascular system in echinoderms • multi-purpose: locomotion, food and waste transport, respiration • movement of muscles pump water into canals • closed system of canals connecting tube feet • madreporite ring canal  radial and lateral canal  tube feet  ampullae

  7. How are materials transported in multicellular organisms? Open circulatory system • Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca (with one exception) • hemolymph • heart(s)  sinuses ostia heart(s) • diffusion from sinuses to organs • often serve a support purpose • disadvantage: loss of pressure in sinuses • insects: well-developed respiratory systems, O2 not transported through the blood

  8. How are materials transported in multicellular organisms? Closed circulatory system or cardiovascular system • cephalopods, annelids, vertebrates • presence of blood vessels • advantages • rapid flow • may direct blood to specific tissues • blood cells and large molecules remain within vessels • can support higher levels of metabolic activity

  9. General plan of the cardiovascular system • Heart • Atrium • Ventricle • Blood vessels • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries and capillary beds • Venules • Veins • Blood

  10. Vertebrate adaptations of the cardiovascular system FISHES • Single-circulation • Fish heart • 2-chambered • atrium and ventricle • African lungfish heart • 3-chambered • 2 atria • LA: O2-rich blood • RA: O2-poor blood • spiral fold • partially divided ventricle

  11. Vertebrate adaptations of the cardiovascular system Amphibians • Pulmocutaneous and systemic circulation are partly separated • Amphibian heart • 1 ventricle • 2 atria: • LA: O2-rich blood • RA: O2-poor blood • advantage: oxygen-rich blood reaches the body’s organs faster • disadvantage: some mixing of O2-rich and poor blood occurs

  12. Vertebrate adaptations of the cardiovascular system Reptiles • Reptilian heart • 3-chambers (crocodilians have 4) • 2 atria • 1 ventricle (2 in crocodiles and alligators) • partially divided, decreases mixing

  13. Vertebrate adaptations of the cardiovascular system Birds and Mammals • 4 chambered heart: • 2 atria • 2 ventricles • full separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits • Advantages • no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • gas exchange is maximized • pulmonary and systemic circuits operate at different pressures • Importance • Endothermic  high nutrient and O2 demands in tissues • Numerous vessels  great deal of resistance, so requires high pressure

  14. Blood flow in mammals • R side of heart: • pulmonary circuit • L side of heart: • systemic circuit • one way valves: • atrioventricular valves • semilunar valves

  15. Blood flow in mammals • right atrium receives O2-poor blood from superior and inferior venae cavae • from right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve • pumped into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve to lungs • O2-rich blood from lungs is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins • enters the left ventricle via the mitral or bicuspid valve • exits the left ventricle into the aorta via the aortic semilunar valve • circulated to body tissues

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