11/21 Daily Catalyst

1. 11/21 Daily Catalyst • 1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? • 2. How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome? • 3. What stage of mitosis is shown below? How do you know?

2. 11/21 Daily Catalyst Answers • 1. How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? • 46 (23 from mom and 23 from dad) • 2. How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosomes? • Two • 3. What stage of mitosis is shown below? How do you know? • Anaphase, chromatids are pulled APART

3. 11/21 Class Business • “We are the change” extra credit due Friday • GATTACA essay due the Monday after Fall Break • Mitosis, cancer, and checkpoint quiz TOMORROW • Mitosis and meiosis quiz on Monday when we return!

4. Which Thanksgiving food has grandchildren? • The GRAN-berry sauce

5. 11/21 Agenda • Daily Catalyst • Class Business • Agenda • Objective • Mitosis review • Binary fission, checkpoints, and cancer notes

6. 11/21 Objective • Review the stages of Mitosis and discuss methods of cell regulation.

7. Mitosis Review

8. Binary Fission • What type of cells undergo mitosis? • Eukaryotic- plants and animal cells • What about bacteria? • Key Point #1: • Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission • Meaning “division in half”

9. Binary Fission • Bacterial DNA is circular in shape • Bacterial DNA must be replicated before cell division • Replication begins at the Origin of Replication • A specific site on the chromosome • The origins move to opposite end of the cell • The cell begins to elongate • The plasma membrane grows inward and forms two new cells

10. Cell Cycle regulation • Read page. 238

11. Cell Cycle regulation • There is evidence towards cytoplasmic signals that control the cell cycle. • Key Point #1: • Cell cycle control system: an operating set of molecules in the cell that both trigger and coordinates key events • Regulated at certain checkpoints • (Like a dishwashing machine)

12. Cell Cycle regulation • Key Point #2: • Checkpoint: a control point where stop and go signals regulate • Checkpoints register signals form inside and outside the cell if the cell cycle should proceed • 3 checkpoints: G1, G2, and M phase

13. Cell Cycle regulation • G1 check point: • AKA the “restriction point” • Most important • Go: complete G1, S, G2, and M phases • Stop: Exit the cycle and switch into a non dividing state (G0) • Most cells are in the G0 phase • Mature nerve cells do no need to divide

14. Cell Cycle regulation • Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks): • Activate or inactivate other proteins • Checkpoint at G1 and G2 • Cyclin: cyclically fluctuating concentration • Kinase: activate or inactivate proteins by giving them a phosphate group

15. MPF • MPF: maturation-promoting factor • M-phase promoting factor • Triggers the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase • When cyclin is high during G2, this causes MPF to phosphorylates other proteins. • During anaphase, MPF switches itself off

16. PDGF • Made by platelets • PDGF binds to a receptor and this triggers G1 checkpoint and get ready to divide • IN HEALING!

17. Cancer • Cancel cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. If unchecked, they can kill organisms.

18. Cancer • Cancer cells do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted. • Cancer cells may make their own growth factors!

19. Process of a cancerous cell • Cell • Transformation: a normal cell converts into a cancer cell • Immune system will cell the transformed cell, if not, the cell will rapidly divide and form a tumor • Benign tumor: not dangerous tumor • Malignant tumor: invasive and starts to impair normal function (cancer) • Cancer cells metastasize: spread from original location

20. 11/22 Daily Catalyst • 1. • 2. • 3.

21. 11/22 Class Business • “We are the change” extra credit due TODAY • GATTACA essay due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Test Corrections due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Mitosis/Meiosis packet due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Mitosis/Meiosis quiz on Monday • Exam #4: • Average: 1.09 • Top Scorer: Andrea • Honorable Mention: Saisha

22. 11/22 Class Business • “We are the change” extra credit due TODAY • GATTACA essay due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Test Corrections due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Mitosis/Meiosis packet due the Monday after Thanksgiving • Mitosis/Meiosis quiz on Monday • Exam #4: • Average: 1.8 • Top Scorer: Blake (3.7) • Honorable Mention: Manahil, Ramon, Talha, Tyler B., Leyan, Ricky, Estephany

23. What do you call a Thanksgiving turkey mixed with an office message? • A turkey dinner with all of the FAXING’s

24. 11/22 Agenda • Daily Catalyst • Class Business • Mitosis review • Finish cell regulation and cancer notes • Review • Quiz • Grade and track data • Anthony and Lawrence • HAVE AN AMAZING THANKSGIVING BREAK!

25. Mitosis Review • Label each picture of mitosis:

26. Cell regulation Review

27. Cell Cycle regulation • Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks): • Activate or inactivate other proteins • Checkpoint at G1 and G2 • Cyclin: cyclically fluctuating concentration • Kinase: activate or inactivate proteins by giving them a phosphate group

28. MPF • MPF: maturation-promoting factor • M-phase promoting factor • Triggers the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase • When cyclin is high during G2, this causes MPF to phosphorylates other proteins. • During anaphase, MPF switches itself off

29. PDGF • Made by platelets • Helpful in creating new blood vessels • PDGF binds to a receptor and this triggers the G1 checkpoint • The cell gets to “skip” the G1 checkpoint • IN HEALING! • Cuts healing time in half!

30. Cancer • Cancel cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. If unchecked, they can kill organisms.

31. Cancer • Cancer cells do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleted. • Cancer cells may make their own growth factors!

32. Process of a cancerous cell • Cell • Transformation: a normal cell converts into a cancer cell • Immune system will cell the transformed cell, if not, the cell will rapidly divide and form a tumor • Benign tumor: not dangerous tumor • Malignant tumor: invasive and starts to impair normal function (cancer) • Cancer cells metastasize: spread from original location

33. Partner Review • Directions: Take this time to review with a partner sitting near you. You may use your textbook and notes to review. • Time: 10 minutes • Noise: 1 (partner)

34. Quiz • 1. Interphase • 2. Prophase • 3. Metaphase • 4. Anaphase • 5. Telophase • 6. Cytokinesis • 7. a • 8. c • 9. b • 10. a • 11. b • 12. c • 13. a • 14. a • 15. c

35. 30/30 100% 4.0 A • 28/30 93% 3.6 A • 26/30 87% 3.3 B • 24/30 80% 2.5 B • 22/30 73% 1.8 C • 20/30 67% 1.2 D • 18/30 60% .5 F • 16/30 53% .2 F