Social Factors

1. Social Factors

2. Describe two ways in which the director of a televised sports event could influence how sport will be seen by viewers. (4 marks) Award up to two marks for describing each way in which the director of a televised sports event could influence how sport will be seen by viewers (2x2). The director: • Selects highlights to be shown/ to make the game seem more exciting. • Selects sports to be shown / from a range of options as in a multi-sport event like the Olympic Games • can be a very positive influence as all of the action can be shown/ from fair and unbiased angles • can also influence the commentators or summarisers, to be fair in their commentary/ which shows a balanced content of the game • can decide not to show disruptive aspects such as streakers on the pitch/ so that this sort of behaviour is not encouraged • can have a negative influence as they may choose to show certain parts of the action or edit shows or programmes/ which can give a false impression of the actual events • can choose to focus on poor attitudes or even poor behaviour by fans/ to sensationalise certain aspects and give a sport or an individual a bad name • can have a positive influence by using effects such as action replays or different camera angles or microphones by the pitch or ref link/ which shows good play or decision making. • Decides who to interview/to get further insight into the game, or event, or competition

3. What is meant by a ‘role model’? (2 marks) Award two marks for stating what is meant by a role model. A role model is somebody who other people aspire, or to be motivated or inspired to be like/ who they look up to or idolise/ who set an example for others to follow.

4. Explain how an elite gymnast could have had an effect on a 16 yr-old amateurs’ level of participation or performance in gymnastics. (4 marks) Award four marks explaining how elite gymnast could have had an effect on amateur’s level of participation and/or performance in gymnastics. Participation • By watching elite gymnast perform/ amateur is more motivated or inspired/ to train more / or compete in more competitions Performance • Elite performers success/ may have encouraged amateur to train harder/ to achieve a similar standard/ because he enjoyed watching his performance/ amateur may have copied his technique. Accept any other suitable response.

5. Using examples, explain how technological developments could help Ben (an amateur gymnast) to improve his performance in gymnastics. (8 marks) Facilities • Sprung floors allow Ben’s routines to become more difficult due to the extra height that can be gained. • Facilities for training have developed to include improved foam landing areas enabling Ben to practise more difficult moves. Equipment • Improved quality of equipment (eg springboards) allows Ben’s performance to increase due to more difficult moves to be performed. • Development of a vaulting platform with a greater surface area allows more complex moves to be performed. ICT/Video Analysis • Digital cameras and videos to obtain feedback from a performance so this can be monitored and reviewed so performance can be modified. • By cataloguing performance overtime on a computer Ben can be shown how his performances have improved. • By videoing performance this can be sent to Ben so he can visualise and mentally rehearse routines to facilitate performance. • Computer software (Dartfish or Kandle) that can be used to analyse Ben’s performance to identify weaknesses that can then be worked on. • Sound recording played to simulate crowd when Ben is training, to replicate atmosphere or add to stress levels. • Fitness monitoring equipment can monitor Ben’s pulse rates, energy expenditure resulting in improved performance through detailed monitoring of training and competition. • Use of the internet to display Ben’s recorded performances which can be commented on by others which could lead to improvements. • Advanced communication technology has improved knowledge of coaching and training methods, which could raise Ben’s performance levels. Clothing • The introduction of new materials has allowed tight fitting clothing to be developed. This allows a greater range of movement and therefore the opportunity for Ben to gain higher marks.

6. State two different types of sponsorship and explain how each could help a netball team to improve the players’ performance. (6 marks) Award one mark for each different type of sponsorship and up to two further marks for an explanation of how each could help to improve the players’ performance (2x3). • Equipment eg balls/ higher quality/ enables advanced skills to be developed. • Clothing eg team kit/ which boosts confidence or morale/ so that they work better as a team. • Footwear/ improves grip/ to stop them from slipping. • Transport and travel/ enter more competitions a greater distance away/ to play a greater variety of teams. • Money/ to employ a coach/ to develop advanced skills. • Facilities/ train more often/ to develop fitness. • Entry fees or league fees/ enter more competitions/ play at a higher level.

7. Explain how the media may have influenced a students’ participation in sport. (8 marks) Examples of content could include • Increased coverage on all forms of media encourages interest • Media informs of opportunities and possibilities • Media educates about the need for healthy lifestyle/ and shows the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle • Informs how and where to participate • Media can entertain and therefore attract participation • Media can promote role models who you can then aspire to be like and achieve what they have.

8. Explain the difference between public sector and private sector provision of sports facilities. (4 marks) • Public sector facilities are owned by local authorities or councils/ and usually paid for through taxes./ They are open to all users and/ are not designed to make a profit/ lower quality facilities. • • Private sector facilities are owned by a company or an individual/ with the aim of making a profit/ through running membership schemes/ generally have better quality facilities/ harder to get access/ limited time. NB maximum three marks if only one sector explained.

9. Playing fairly, by the rules, is important when taking part in physical activities. Explain how rules keep participants safe. (2 marks) Examples include: • this can ensure that play is safe so that dangerous techniques are not used/ without this there would be no defined boundaries of acceptable behaviour • if someone does not abide by the rules/ they can be prevented from taking a further part in the activity/ or even stopped from starting in the first place if they are inappropriately dressed or wearing incorrect equipment/ so they don't get hurt.

10. What might happen if a specific safety rule was not enforced? Give one example. (2 marks) Examples include: • if fingernails were not cut in netball games/ opponents could be scratched if any physical contact occurs • a dangerous, illegal technique, such a spear tackle in rugby/ could result in a serious injury for an opponent • wearing any type of jewellery during activity, such as a belly bar in trampoline/ can result in a serious injury such as a tear wound • not wearing shin pads when playing soccer/ could result in a serious injury such as a cut or break.

11. A lot of sport is shown on television. Describe the ways in which the director of a televised sports programme could influence how sport will be seen by television viewers. (3 marks) Examples include: • there can be a very positive influence as all of the action can be shown/ from fair and unbiased angles./ They can also influence the commentators or summarisers to be fair in their commentary and show a balanced content./ They can decide to not show disruptive aspects/ such as streakers on the pitch/ so that this sort of behaviour is not encouraged • they can have a negative influence as they may choose to show certain parts of the action/ they can even edit shows or programmes which can give a false impression of the actual events./ They can choose to focus on poor attitudes/ or even poor behaviour by fans, to sensationalise certain aspects and give a sport, or individual a bad name • can have a positive influence by using effects such as action replays or different camera angles, or microphones by the pitch or ref link.

12. All of the following could control physical activities except: Laws Processes Rules Regulations (1 mark)

13. The media has a large influence over sport. Identify one type of media and describe two ways in which it can have a positive effect on sport. (5 marks) Award one mark for correctly identifying a type of media. • Television • Radio • Newspapers or magazines or books • Internet • CD-ROMs Award a further two marks for describing each way the media can have a positive effect, up to a maximum of four marks. • They demonstrate good performance or give exemplars for athletes to copy/ to improve the standards within the sport. • They help officials make decisions/ which improves the reputation of the sport. • They can promote the health benefits/ which can increase participation or popularity of activities. • Through payment for broadcasting rights or indirectly through sponsorship/ increases revenue coming into the sport. • They increase the accessibility of a sport/ which increases its popularity or publicity. • They can make a sport look more interesting or appealing/ and therefore more people want to take part or watch an event.

14. Safety is an important factor in any physical activity. Using an example, explain how wearing the correct footwear can make participation in a physical activity safer. (2 marks) • Wearing boots/ to provide grip/ for ankle support. • Safety studs/ to prevent injury. • Correct length of stud or spike appropriate to surface or conditions/ to avoid slipping. • Cushioned soles/ to absorb impact. • Wearing trampoline slippers/ to prevent toes getting caught in the webbing. • Wearing dance shoes/ to prevent splinters.

15. Using an example, explain how following the rules can make participation in a physical activity safer. (2 marks) Award up to one mark for an example of a rule and a further mark for why it makes participation in a physical activity safer. NB accept activity guidelines, eg wearing a life jacket in water based activities. • Wearing shin pads in football or hockey/ to prevent damage to the shins in a tackle. • No foul play, eg no two footed tackle/ to prevent injury. Accept any other suitable response.

16. Which one of the following is a social factor that can affect participation in physical activity? Equipment Weather Peers Facilities (1 mark)

17. Sports quiz programmes are often on television. State two other types of television programme that promote or cover sport and give an example of each. (4 marks) Award one mark for each type of programme and one further mark for the example, up to a maximum of four marks (2 x 2 marks). • Live sports coverage/ eg Ford Super Sunday • Highlights programmes/ eg Match of the Day • Documentaries/ eg Inside Sport • News bulletins/ eg Sky Sports News • Educational programmes/ eg Peak Performance • Entertainment/ eg Soccer AM

18. Give an example of a rule from a physical activity of your choice and clearly explain how the rule attempts to prevent injury. (2 marks) • Football – wearing shin pads/ protect from impact. • Cricket, equestrian, hockey goalkeeper – wearing a helmet/ protect head from impact. • Cricket – wearing gloves or pads/ protect body from impact. • Football – no tackling from behind or going over the top/ avoid over aggressive tackles. Accept any other suitable response.

19. Physical activities often involve landing from different heights. Name a skill in a physical activity which involves landing from a height. (1 mark) Award one mark for naming an appropriate skill in a physical activity which involves landing from a height. Possible examples: • high jump • gymnastics vault • landing from a height in football/ basketball/ netball.

20. Explain how technique and equipment can be used to reduce the risk of injury when landing from a height for the skill you named in the previous question. (3 marks) Possible examples: • high jump – use Fosbury flop/ to land on shoulders/ not head/ crash mats/ to absorb impact • gymnastics vault – roll on shoulders/ not flat/ appropriate mats/ pit/ to absorb impact • football – landing after heading in football/ bending knees on landing/ to absorb impact/ feet flat on the floor/ balanced position/ use of arms to stabilise. Accept any other suitable response.