英国文学选读第十二讲

英国文学选读第十二讲 主讲教师：林春阳

本节课讲授重点： • Authors: 1. D. H. Lawrence 2. Virginia Woolf 3. James Joyce • 期末复习指导

D. H. Lawrence (D. H.·劳伦斯)(1885—1930) • Brief Account of Author's Life • The Main Literary Work

Ⅰ. Brief Account of Author’s Life ☺David Herbert Lawrence was born in the Midland mining village of East-wood, Nottinghamshire. ☺His father was a miner; his mother, better educated than her husband and self-consciously genteel, fought all her married life to lift her children out of the working class. ☺Lawrence was aware form an early age of the struggle betw- -een his parents; he was very much on his mother’s side during his childhood, resenting his father’s coarse and sometimes dru- -nken behavior and allying himself with his mother’s delicacy and refinement. ☺After the death of his elder brother, he became the center of

his mother’s emotional life and played in his own relation to her a loving and protective role. ☺Spurred on by his mother, Lawrence escaped through educ- -ation from the mining world of his father. ☺He won a scholarship to Nottingham high school and later, after working first as a clerk and then as an elementary school teacher, studied for two years at Nottingham University Colle- -ge, where he obtained his teacher’s certificate in 1908. ☺From 1908 to 1912 he taught school in Croydon, a southern suburb of London, but he gave his up after falling in love with Frieda vov Richthofen, the Germany wife of a professor of French in Nottingham.

☺They went to Germany together and married in 1914, after Frieda had been divorced by her first husband. ☺The war brought them back to England, where Frieda’s German origins and Lawrence’s fierce objection to the war gave him trouble with the authorities. ☺As soon as he could leave England after the war he sought refuge in Italy, Australia, Mexico, then in the Italy, and finally in the south of France, often desperately ill, restlessly searchi- -ng for an ideal, or at least a tolerable, community in which to live. ☺He died of tuberculosis in the south of France in 1930, at the early age of 44.

Ⅱ. The Main Literary Works ☺His mother claims on him kept frustrating his relationship with girls, and the personal problems and conflicts that result- -ed are presented in his first really distinguished novel Sons and Lovers (儿子与情人), where, against a background of the paternal coarseness and vitality conflicting with maternal refi- -nement and gentility, he sets the theme of the demanding the mother who has given up the prospect of achieving a true em- -otional life with her husband and turns to her sons with a stu- -ltifying and possessive love. ☺His first published work was a group of poems which appe- -red in the English Review for November, 1909.

☺The following February the same periodical published his first short story. ☺He was now regarded in London literary circles as a promis- -ing young writer; his first novel, The White Peacock (白孔雀), was received with respect. ☺Abroad with Frieda, Lawrence finished Sons and Lovers, the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years. ☺More and more, especially after the banning of his next novel, The Rainbow (虹), in 1915, Lawrence came to feel that the forces of modern civilization were arrayed against him. ☺During his lifetime and even afterwards Lawrence was the controversial figure because of his frank treatment of sex and his outspoken insistence upon a need for a readjustment in the

relationship between the sexes. ☺His most controversial novel is Lady Chatterlay’s Lover(查特莱夫人的情人); the best probably The Rainbow. ☺Sons and Lovers perhaps his most popular novel, is often taken to be largely biographical, its subject matter paralleling much of his early life. ☺The short stories are generally considered t be superior in unity of mood and artistic form.

Virginia Woolf (弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙)(1882—1941) • Brief Account of Author's Life • The Main Literary Work

Ⅰ. Brief Account of Author’s Life ☺Virginia Woolf was born in London, daughter of Leslie Ste- -phen, the late Victorian critic, philosopher, biographer, and a scholar. ☺She grew up as a member of a large and talented family, ed- -ucating herself in her father’s magnificent library, meeting in childhood many eminent Victorians, learning Greek from the Walter Pater’s sister. ☺After her father’s death in 1904 she settled with her sister and two brothers in Btoomsbury. ☺When her sister married in 1907, she and her brother took together another house in Boomsbury, and there they entertai-

-ntained their literary and artistic friends at evening gathering. ☺In 1912 she married Leonard Woolf, journalist, essayist, and political thinker; together they founded the Hogarth Press in 1917—a press which published some of the most interesting literature of our time, including an early volume of the Eliot’s poems and his Homage to John Dryden as well as her own novels. ☺He suicide in 1941, resulting from her fear that she was abo- -ut to lose her mind and become a burden on her husband, first revealed to the public that she had been subject to periods of nervous depression, particularly after finishing a book, and the underneath the liveliness and wit so well known among the Bl- -oomsbury group lay disturbing psychological tension.

Ⅱ. The Main Literary Works ☺Woolf came naturally into a profession of writing. Moving among writers and artist, her world was from the beginning the cultured world of the middle-class and upper-middle-class London intelligentsia. ☺She rebelled against what she called the “materialism” of such novelists as Galsworthy, and sought a more delicate rend- -ering of those aspects of consciousness in which she felt that the truth of human experience really lay. ☺After two novels cast rather cumbersomely in tradition form, she developed her own style, which handled the “stream of an consciousness” with a carefully modulated poetic flow and brought into prose fiction something of rhythms and the imag-

-ery of lyric poetry. ☺The sketches in which she explored the possibilities of moving between action and contemplation, between specific external events in time and delicate tracings of the flow of consciousness where the mind moved between retrospect and anticipation, were collected in Monday or Tuesday (星期一和星期二). ☺These were technical experiments, and they made possible those later novels where her characteristic method is fully dev- -eloped—Jacob’s Room (雅各的房间), Mr. Dalloway (达罗卫夫人), the first completely successful novel in her “new” style; To the Lighthous (到灯塔去), The Waves (海浪), a most

stylized of her novels; and Between the Acts (幕间), published after her death. ☺Woolf was skilled exponent of the stream of consciousness technique in her novels, exploring with great subtlety problem of personal identity and personal relationships as well as the significant of time, change, and memory for human personali- -ty. ☺She also wrote a great many reviews and critical essays, co- -llected in The Common Reader(普通读者) and The Second Common Reader (普通读者续), informal and personal in tone, her criticism is suggestive rather than authoritative and has an engaging air of spontaneity.

☺She is equally concerned with her own craft as a writer and with what it was like to be a quite different person living in a different age. ☺Woolf was much concerned with the position of women, es- -pecially professional women, and the constrictions they suffe- -red under. ☺She wrote several cogent essays on the subject, notably in A Room of One’s Own (一间自己的房间) and Three Guineas (三个基尼金币). ☺Her novel, The Years (岁月) was originally to have included reflections on the position of women interspersed aimed the action, but she later decided to publish them as a separate book, which became Three Guineas.

James Joyce (詹姆斯·乔伊斯)(1882—1941) • Brief Account of Author's Life • The Main Literary Work

Ⅰ. Brief Account of Author’s Life ☺James Joyce was born in Dublin, son of a talented but feckl- -ess father who is accurately described in his novel. ☺The elder Joyce drifted steadily down the financial and soci- -al scale, this family moving from house to house, each one less genteel and more shabby than the previous. ☺James Joyce’s whole education was Catholic, from the age of 6 to the age of 9 at Clongowes Wood College, and from 11 to 16 at Belvedere College, Dublin. ☺Both were Jesuit institutions, and were normal roads to the priesthood. He then studied modern language at the University College, Dublin.

☺From a comparatively early age Joyce regarded himself as a rebel against the shabbiness and Philistinism of Dublin. ☺In his early youth he was religious, but in his last year at the Belvedere he began to reject his Catholic faith in favor of a lit- -erary mission which he saw as involving rebellion and exile. ☺He refused to play any part in the nationalist or other popul- -ar activities of his fellow students, and created some stir by his outspoken articles, one of which, on the Norwegian playw- -right Henrik Ibsen, appeared in the Fortnightly Review. ☺He taught himself Norwegian to be able to read Ibsen and to write to him. ☺When an article by Joyce significantly entitled The Day of a

was refused on instructions of the faculty adviser, by the stud- -ent magazine that had commissioned it, he had it printed priv- -ately. ☺By 1902 when he received his B.A. degree, he was already committed to a career as exile and write. ☺Joyce went to Paris after graduation, was recalled to Dublin by his mother’s fatal illness, had a short spell there as a school teacher, then returned to the Continent in 1904 to teach Engli- -sh at Trieste and then at Zurich. ☺He took with him Nora Barnacle, an uneducated Galway girl with no interest in literature; her native vivacity and the peasant wit charmed Joyce, and the two lived in devoted com-

-panion ship until Joyce’s death, though they were not married until 1931. ☺In 1920 Joyce settled in Paris, where he lived until Decem- -ber, 1940, when the war forced him to take refuge in Switzer- -land; he died in Zurich a few weeks later. ☺Pound, obstinate, absolutely convinced of his genius, given to fits of sudden gaiety and of student silence, Joyce was not always an easy person to get on with, yet he never lacked friends and throughout his 36 years on the Continent was always the centre of a literary circle. ☺Joyce’s almost life-long exile from his native Ireland has something paradoxical about it. No writer has ever been more

Soaked in Dublin, its atmosphere, its history, its topography; in spite of doing most of his writing in Trieste, Zurich, and Paris, he wrote only and always about Dublin. ☺He devised ways of expanding his accounts of Dublin, how- -ever, so that they became microcosms, small-scale models, of all human life, of all history and all geography. Indeed that was his life’s work: to write about Dublin in such ways that he was writing about all of human experience.

Ⅱ. The Main Literary Works ☺Joyce began his career by writing a series of stories etching with extraordinary clarity aspects of Dublin life. ☺But these stories published as Dubliners in 1914 are more than sharp realistic sketches. In each, the detail is so chosen and organized that carefully interacting symbolic meanings are set up, and as a result Dubliners is a book about man’s fate as well as a series of sketches of Dublin. ☺A part of Joyce’s first draft has been posthumously publish- -ed under the original title of Stephen Hero (斯蒂芬赫罗): a comparison between it and the final version which Joyce gave to the world.

☺A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man (青年艺术家肖像), will show how carefully Joyce reworked and compressed his material for maximum effect. ☺The Portrait is not literally true as autobiography, though it has many autobiographical elements, but it is representatively true not only of Joyce but of the relation between the artist and society in modern world. ☺From the beginning Joyce had trouble with the Philistines. Publication of Dubliners was held up for many years while he fought with both English and Irish publishers about certain words and phrase which they wished to eliminate. ☺His masterpiece Ulysses (尤利西斯) was banned in both the

Britain and American on its first appearance in 1922, its earli- -er serialization in the Little Review having had to stop abrup- -tly when the U.S. Post Office brought a charge of obscenity against it. Fortunately, Judge Woolsey’s historical making de- -cision in favor of Ulysses in the United States District Court on December, 1933, resulted in the lifting of the ban and the free circulation of the work first in America and soon afterwa- -rds in Britain.

英美文学选读期末复习指导 一、考试题型二、复习重点三、例题展示

一、考试题型 英美文学选读课程考试形式为机考，考试题型为三种：单选题，多选题和判断题。单选题为考试中的主要题型，判断题其次，多选题占有少量部分。试卷满分为100分，考试过程中由计算机直接给出答案。

二、考试内容 考试内容为英美文学选读教材上下两个分册中的内容，主要以文学史部分和作家作品为主，现将各单元的知识点以单元为单位详解如下: 第一单元考核重点： 1. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions.

第二单元 考核重点： 1. The literature of the Anglo-Norman period is a combination of French and Saxon elements. 第三单元考核重点： 1. Chaucer, the father of English poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England was born in London in 1340. 2. The Parliament of Fowls is a caustic, allegorical satire on English parliament. 3. According to the Chaucer’s plan, The Canterbury Tales was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but the author failed to carry out his plan and only 24 tales were written.

第四单元 考核重点：绪论部分 1. At the beginning of the 16th century absolute monarchy was formed in England. 2. The period is marked by the flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance. 3. In the first half of the 16th century there appeared lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt. 4. In the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. 5. Various types of novels were developed in the 16th century. 6. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed particular development of English dramas.

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英国文学选读 第十二讲