Reading Guide Answers

1. Reading Guide Answers • Many cities grew rapidly • Italy was divided while France was unified • Safer life to escape war • Techniques and ideas from the Italian renaissance, Northern Artists studied in Italy and took ideas back to their homelands • Woodcuts and engraving of religious subjects • He developed new techniques using oil paints

2. Reading Answers 6. Its ceremonies and greed Church Reforms Improving Society 7. Utopia Latin 8. Boys went to school and girls did not Someone who fought for women’s rights 9. Queen Elizabeth I No she was educated and a prominent Political Figure (opinion based)

3. Continued 10. He was a playwright and his plays inspired many people Macbeth 11. Johann Gutenberg, Mainz Germany, 1440 It allowed for hundreds of copies to be made 12. Arts praised individual achievements, More realistic representation, drew on techniques and style of classical Greece and Rome, and secular and religious works 13. Printing led to information being more available to masses, desire to learn, published discoveries, question rulers and church

4. Out of 30 Points 30-100 29-97 28-93 27-90 26-87 25-83 24-80 23-77 22-73 21-70 20-67 19-60 18-57 17-53 16-50 15-47 14-43 13-40 12-37 11-33 10-30 9-27

5. The Reformation Outcome: Martin Luther and the Reformation

6. The Reformation • Setting the stage: • By the tenth century, the Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe. • Many people began to criticize the Church’s practices • People felt that Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits, such as gaining wealth and political power

7. The Reformation • Reformation: A movement of religiousreform.

8. 2. Causes of The Reformation • Social • Renaissance values led people to question the Church • The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church • Political • Monarchs (kings) challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe • Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

9. 2. Causes of The Reformation • Economic • European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth • Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church • Religious • Some Church leaders had become worldly (secular) and corrupt • Many people found Church practices such as indulgences as unacceptable

10. 2. Causes of The Reformation • Other examples: • Pope Alexander VI admitted that he had fathered several children • Many priests and monks were poorly educated and couldn’t teach people • Other clergy married, drank, or gambled • Simony, Lay investiture, and the age old division of Church vs. State

11. Martin Luther

12. Martin Luther and the Reformation • Luther Challenges the Church • Martin Luther • Parents wanted him to be a lawyer, became a monk and teacher instead • Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony • His 95 Theses began the Reformation • Martin Luther believed it was ok for clergy tomarryand he did so

13. Martin Luther and the Reformation • 95 Theses • Luther took a stand against Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences to pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome • Indulgences: A pardon which released a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins. • Indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s right to judge

14. Tetzel gave people impression that they were buying their way into heaven • On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg • The 95 Theses were formal statements attacking “pardon-merchants” • Martin Luther’s actions began the Reformation

15. Martin Luther and the Reformation • Luther’s Teachings • Good works not needed for salvation, a person could win salvation based on faith • Church teachings should be based on Bible not pope or Church traditions which could be corrupt or false • Priests not needed to interpret the Bible because all people with faith were equals

16. Martin Luther and the Reformation • Response to Luther • Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication if he didn’t take back his statements • Instead of taking statements back, Luther burned the pope’s decree • Leo then excommunicated Luther • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Catholic) summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to recant (take back) his statements

17. Continued • Charles issues Edict of Worms ---> declared Luther an outlaw and heretic and no one was to give him food or shelter • Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther ---> While there Luther translated the New Testament into German • In 1522 Luther returned to Wittenberg and his followers became known as Lutherans • The princes in Germany that supported Luther banded together to protest against those who were against Luther’s ideas, became known as Protestants

18. Result: Because of Martin Luther’s actions, Christianity has two main branches in the Western world: Catholicism and Protestantism.

20. Henry VIII (the 8th)

21. England Becomes Protestant • Henry was a devout Catholic when he first became King • 1521 he wrote a stinging attack on Luther’s ideas • With recognition of Henry’s support, the pope gave him the title “Defender of Faith” • So why did he go against the church?

22. Henry VIII wants a son… • Henry’s wife was Catherine of Aragon • Only child was Mary • Wanted to annul his marriage • Pope turned him down • Henry takes matters into his own hands.

23. Henry’s Actions and Consequences • Called on Parliament to end the Pope’s power in England • Secretly marries Anne Boleyn and one year later Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine • Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy.

25. Henry’s Heirs • Henry’s son Edward becomes king at 9 years old and fell ill and died. • Mary took over the thrown • Beheaded those who were Protestant • Elizabeth took over once Mary died

26. Reformation Continues John Calvin • John Calvin was 8 years old when Luther posted the 95 Thesis • Published Institutes of Christian religion • Believed in Predestination • This religion was called Calvinism • Believed the ideal government was a theocracy, a government controlled by religious leaders.