Abstract Data Types Using Classes

1. Abstract Data Types Using Classes Lecture-5

2. Abstract Data Types Using Classes Representing abstract data types using C++ We need the following C++ keywords class keyword to define a class (ADT)‏ private keyword to define 'hidden' parts of the class public keyword to define the visible interface of the class The scope resolution operator (::) used to link together classes and methods

3. The Anatomy of a class A Class has two parts (just like an ADT)‏ A private (hidden) part A public interface The public part defines the behavior of the object (methods)‏ The private part contains the data It is normal practice to put attributes in the private part of the class where they can only be accessed by methods

4. The Anatomy of a class It is possible to put attributes (data) in the public part of the class but this undermines encapsulation. It is also possible to put methods in the private part of a class but these may not be used as an external interface (however they may be used by other methods)‏

5. The Unified Modelling Language method of drawing class diagrams The first element of the class diagram is the Class name this is the unique name of the Object for the class. Class Name Attributes: Methods()‏

6. Attributes When drawing attributes the following syntax is used. The scope section of the attribute syntax is used to indicate the visibility of the attribute. [scope] [attribute name] : [data type] scope symbol meaning ------------------------------------------- - Private + Public # Protected (no symbol) Implementation

7. Attributes When drawing attributes the following syntax is used. The attribute name is a unique name for the attribute, and finally the data type represents what type is used for the attribute. For example the following attribute definition represents a private integer called AccountNumber. [scope] [attribute name] : [data type] - AccountNumber : int

8. Methods When drawing methods the following syntax is used. As with attributes the scope symbols are used to indicate the visibility Next comes the method name. Within the ( ) of the method an optional list of parameters to the method may be placed. These are comma separated and use the following layout. Finally the return type of the method (if any) is written. scope][Method name]([optparameters],):[return type] (ParameterName :int, Parameter2 : char)

9. Methods For the following example a method called setAccountNum is prototyped, it is passed one integer value an returns a boolean argument. + setAccountNum(AccNumIn :int) : bool • Finally the return type of the method (if any) is written.

10. Single File Instruction header files define interfaces for functions, structures, unions and classes They may also define variables, however if this header file is then included in more than one module the linker will complain as the same variable is defined twice. To overcome this problem we can use Single File Inclusion The traditional way of doing this is as follows Use the name of the Header file as an identifier for the pre-processor and create a unique #define name place a #includedirective in the code to define the module name If the #define does not exist then it will be included if it does there is no need to include it again.

11. A Class Example #ifndef __ExampleClass_H_ #define __ExampleClass_H_ class ExampleClass { private : int i; public: void SetValue(int value_in)‏ { i=value_in } int GetValue()‏ { return i; } }; //end of class #endif

12. Some observations on the class A class definition is terminated with a semicolon (unlike a function definition)‏ The members of a class are private by default, so the private keyword could be omitted. The integer variable 'i' is private and therefore inaccessible from outside the class, except indirectly via the setValue and getValue methods Methods are usually know as 'member functions' in C++. The member functions 'setValue' and 'getValue' are defined 'inline' (inside the class definition). setValue is of void type because it doesn't return a value getValue returns and int (the value of i)‏

13. More on declaring Methods In the previous example the methods are declared 'inline' i.e. as part of the class This is a bad idea as the code is duplicated for every object created which takes up memory and leads to inefficient coding Most modern compilers will only allow 'inline' functions of about two lines of code or less So What do we do to overcome this limitation ?

14. The Scope Resolution Operator (::)‏ ExampleClass.cpp ExampleClass.h #include “ExampleClass.h” void ExampleClass::SetValue(int v_in)‏ { i=v_in } int ExampleClass::GetValue()‏ { return i; } #ifndef __ExampleClass_H_ #define __ExampleClass_H_ class ExampleClass { private : int i; public: void SetValue(int v_in)‏ int GetValue()‏ }; //end of class #endif

15. More on Scope Resolution In the above example the methods are declared as part of the class however there is no code defined in the class The methods are then prototyped after the class definition using the following return_type Class_name::method_name(parameterlist)‏ This has the effect that only one version of the method exists at run-time This method is available to all instances of objects of this class Thus saving memory and improving efficiency

16. A more Complex Example The previous example was a bit simple, so here is a more complex one A 2D Point object has two attributes: x and y ( the x value of the point the y value of the point)‏ And the following methods get x value gety value Modifier Methods set x value set yvalue move left move right move up move down

17. Complex Example: Class Diagram We can now generate a class diagram Point2D - x : float ....... - x : float + SetX(Xin : float)‏ + SetY(Yin : float)‏ + GetX() : float + GetY() : float + Left() + Right()‏ + Up()‏ + Down()‏

18. Code #ifndef __POINT2D_H__ #define __POINT2D_H__ class Point2D { private : float x; float y; public : void SetX(float Xin); void SetY(float Yin); float GetX(void); float GetY(void); void Up(void); void Down(void); void Left(void); void Right(void); }; #endif Point2D.h

19. Code #include”Pont2D.h” void Point2D::SetX(float Xin)‏ { x = Xin; } void Point2D::SetY(float Yin)‏ { y = Yin } float Point2D::GetX(void)‏ { return x; } float Point2D::GetY(void)‏ { return y; } void Point2D::Up(void) { y = y+1.0; } void Point2D::Down(void)‏ { y = y-1.0; } void Point2D::Left(void)‏ { x = x+1.0; } void Point2D::Right(void)‏ { x = x-1.0; } Point2D.cpp

20. Point2DTest.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; #include "Point2D.h" int main(void)‏ { Point2D Pt; point.SetX(1.0); point.SetY(2.0); cout <<"Point value is ["<<Pt.GetX()<<","<<Pt.GetY()<<"]"<<endl; point.Up(); point.Left(); cout <<"Point value is ["<<Pt.GetX()<<","<<Pt.GetY()<<"]"<<endl; point.Right(); point.Down(); cout <<"Point value is ["<<Pt.GetX()<<","<<Pt.GetY()<<"]"<<endl; return 0; }

21. Makefiles We are using different files, we need to use makefile as follows OBJECTS=Point2D.o PointTest.o PointTest : $(OBJECTS)‏ g++ -Wall -g $(OBJECTS) -o PointTest Point2D.o : Point2D.cpp Point2D.h g++ -Wall -g -c Point2D.cpp PointTest.o : PointTest.cpp Point2D.h g++ -Wall -g -c PointTest.cpp