Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

1. Spatial and Temporal Data Mining V. Megalooikonomou Introduction to Data Mining (based on notes by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber and on notes by Christos Faloutsos)

2. Agenda • Motivation: Why data mining? • What is data mining? • Data Mining: On what kind of data? • Data mining functionality • Are all the patterns interesting? • Classification of data mining systems • Major issues in data mining

3. Motivation • Data rich but information poor! • Data explosion problem • Automated data collection tools and mature database technology lead to tremendous amounts of data stored in databases, data warehouses and other information repositories • Solution: Data Mining • Extraction of interesting knowledge (rules, regularities, patterns, constraints) from data in large databases

4. Evolution of Database Technology • 1960s: • Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS • 1970s: • Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation • 1980s: • RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.) and application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.) • 1990s—2000s: • Data mining and data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases

5. What Is Data Mining? • Data mining (knowledge discovery in databases): • Extraction of interesting (non-trivial,implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful)information or patterns from data in large databases • Alternative names: • Knowledge discovery(mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc. • What is not data mining? • (Deductive) query processing. • Expert systems or small ML/statistical programs

6. What Is Data Mining? • Now that we have gathered so much data, what do we do with it? • Extract interesting patterns (automatically) • Associations (e.g., butter + bread --> milk) • Sequences (e.g., temporal data related to stock market) • Rules that partition the data (e.g., store location problem) • What patterns are “interesting”? information content, confidence and support, unexpectedness, actionability (utility in decision making))

7. Why Data Mining? — Potential Applications • Database analysis and decision support • Market analysis and management • target marketing, market basket analysis,… • Risk analysis and management • Forecasting, quality control, competitive analysis,… • Fraud detection and management • Other Applications • Text mining (newsgroup, email, documents) and Web analysis. • Spatial data mining • Intelligent query answering

8. Market Analysis and Management • Data sources for analysis? (Credit card transactions, discount coupons, customer complaint calls, etc.) • Target marketing (Find clusters of “model” customers who share same characteristics: interest, income level, spending habits, etc.) • Customer purchasing patterns over time (Conversion of single to a joint bank account: marriage, etc.) • Cross-market analysis (Associations between product sales and prediction based on associations) • Customer Profiling (What customers buy what products) • Customer Requirements (Best products for different customers) • Summary information (multidimensional summary reports)

9. Risk Analysis and Management • Finance planning and asset evaluation • cash flow analysis and prediction • cross-sectional and time series analysis (financial-ratio, trend analysis, etc.) • Resource planning: • summarize and compare the resources and spending • Competition: • monitor competitors and market directions • group customers into classes and a class-based pricing procedure • set pricing strategy in a highly competitive market

10. Fraud Detection and Management • Applications • health care, retail, credit card services, telecommunications etc. • Approach • use historical data to build models of normal and fraudulent behavior and use data mining to help identify fraudulent instances • Examples • auto insurance: detect groups who stage accidents to collect insurance • money laundering: detect suspicious money transactions • medical insurance: detect professional patients and ring of doctors, inappropriate medical treatment • detecting telephone fraud:Telephone call model: destination of the call, duration, time of day/week. Analyze patterns that deviate from expected norm.

11. Discovery of Medical/Biological Knowledge • Discovery of structure-function associations • Structure of proteins and their function • Human Brain Mapping (lesion-deficit, task-activation associations) • Breast structure and pathology • Cell structure (cytoskeleton) and functionality or pathology • Discovery of causal relationships • Symptoms and medical conditions • DNA sequence analysis • Bioinformatics (microarrays, etc)

12. Other Applications • Sports • IBM Advanced Scout analyzed NBA game statistics (shots blocked, assists, and fouls) to gain competitive advantage for New York Knicks and Miami Heat • Astronomy • JPL and the Palomar Observatory discovered 22 quasars with the help of data mining • Internet Web Surf-Aid • IBM Surf-Aid applies data mining algorithms to Web access logs for market-related pages to discover customer preference and behavior pages, analyzing effectiveness of Web marketing, improving Web site organization, etc.

13. Data Mining: A KDD Process Knowledge Pattern Evaluation • Data mining: the core of knowledge discovery process. Data Mining Task-relevant Data Selection Data Warehouse Data Cleaning Data Integration Databases

14. Steps of a KDD Process • Learning the application domain: • relevant prior knowledge and goals of application • Creating a target data set: data selection • Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!) • Data reduction and transformation: • Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant representation. • Choosing functions of data mining • summarization, classification, regression, association, clustering. • Choosing the mining algorithm(s) • Data mining: search for patterns of interest • Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation • visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc. • Use of discovered knowledge

15. Data Mining and Business Intelligence End User Making Decisions Increasing potential to support business decisions Business Analyst Data Presentation VisualizationTechniques DataMining Data Analyst Information Discovery DataExploration StatisticalAnalysis, QueryingandReporting Data Warehouses / Data Marts OLAP, MDA DBA Data Sources Paper, Files, Information Providers, Database Systems

16. Architecture of a Typical Data Mining System Graphical user interface Pattern evaluation Data mining engine Knowledge-base Database or data warehouse server Data cleaning & data integration Filtering Data Warehouse Databases

17. Data Mining: On What Kind of Data? • Relational databases • Data warehouses • Transactional databases • Advanced DB and information repositories • Object-oriented (OO)and object-relational (OR) databases • Spatial databases (medical, satellite image DBs, GIS) • Temporal databases • Text databases • Multimedia databases (Image, Video, etc) • Heterogeneous and legacy databases • WWW

18. Data Mining Functionalities – Patterns that can be mined • Concept description: Characterization and discrimination • Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet regions • Association (correlation and causality) • Multi-dimensional vs. single-dimensional association • age(X, “20..29”) ^ income(X, “20..29K”) à buys(X, “PC”) [support = 2%, confidence = 60%] • contains(T, “computer”) à contains(x, “software”) [1%, 75%] • Confidence(x à y) = P(y|x): degree of certainty of association • Support(x à y) = P(x y): % of transactions that the rule satisfies

19. Data Mining Functionalities – Patterns that can be mined • Classification and Prediction • Finding models (e.g., if-then rules, decision trees, mathematical formulae, neural networks, classification rules) that describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction, e.g., classify cars based on gasmileage • Prediction: Predict some unknown or missing numerical values • Cluster analysis • Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns • Clustering principle: maximize intra-class similarity and minimize interclass similarity

20. Data Mining Functionalities – Patterns that can be mined • Outlier analysis • Outliers: data objects that do not comply with the general behavior of the data (can be detected using statistical tests that assume a prob. model) • Often considered as noise but useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis • Trend and evolution analysis • Study regularities of objects whose behavior changes over time • Trend and deviation: regression analysis • Sequential pattern mining, periodicity analysis • Similarity-based analysis

21. When is a “Discovered” Pattern Interesting? • A data mining system/query may generate thousands of patterns, not all of them are interesting. • Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused mining • Interestingness measures: A pattern is interestingif it is easily understood by humans, valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty, potentially useful, novel, or validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm • Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures: • Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g., support, confidence, etc. • Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness, novelty, actionability, etc.

22. Can We Find All and Only Interesting Patterns? • Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness • Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? • Association vs. classification vs. clustering • Search for only interesting patterns: Optimization • Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns? • Approaches • First generate all the patterns and then filter out the uninteresting ones • Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query optimization

23. Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines Database Technology Statistics Data Mining Machine Learning Visualization Information Science Other Disciplines

24. Data Mining: Classification Schemes • General functionality • Descriptive data mining • Predictive data mining • Different views, different classifications • Kinds of databases to be mined • Kinds of knowledge to be discovered • Kinds of techniques utilized • Kinds of applications adapted

25. A Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining Classification • Databases to be mined • Relational, transactional, object-oriented, object-relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW, etc. • Knowledge to be mined • Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend, deviation and outlier analysis, etc. • Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels • Techniques utilized • Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, visualization, neural network, etc. • Applications adapted • Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, DNA mining, stock market analysis, Web mining, Weblog analysis, etc.

26. Major Issues in Data Mining • Mining methodology • Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio, stream, Web • Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability • Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem • Incorporation of background knowledge • Handling noise and incomplete data • Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods • Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion • User interaction • Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining • Expression and visualization of data mining results • Interactive mining ofknowledge at multiple levels of abstraction • Applications and social impacts • Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining • Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy

27. Summary • Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data • A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications • A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation • Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories • Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc. • Data mining systems and architectures • Major issues in data mining

28. A Brief History of Data Mining Society • 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases • Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley, 1991) • 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases • Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996) • 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining (KDD’95-98) • Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997) • ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations • More conferences on data mining • PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM (2001), etc. • ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007

29. Conferences and Journals on Data Mining • Other related conferences • ACM SIGMOD • VLDB • (IEEE) ICDE • WWW, SIGIR • ICML, CVPR, NIPS • Journals • Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DAMI or DMKD) • IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and Data Eng. (TKDE) • KDD Explorations • ACM Trans. on KDD • KDD Conferences • ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining (KDD) • SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM) • (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data Mining (ICDM) • Conf. on Principles and practices of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PKDD) • Pacific-Asia Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD)

30. Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google • Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM) • Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc. • Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD • Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM) • Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA • Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc. • AI & Machine Learning • Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc. • Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-PAMIetc • Web and IR • Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc. • Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems, • Statistics • Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc. • Journals: Annals of statistics, etc. • Visualization • Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc. • Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.

31. Recommended Reference Books • S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 • R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000 • T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 • U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996 • U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001 • J. Han and M. Kamber. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd ed., 2006 • D. J. Hand, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT Press, 2001 • T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer-Verlag, 2001 • T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997 • G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991 • P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005 • S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998 • I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2nd ed. 2005