Design for Overpressure and Underpressure Protection

1. Design for Overpressure and Underpressure Protection Slide Show Slides with Text Exit

2. SLIDE PRESENTATION Design for Overpressure and Underpressure Protection NEXT HOME

3. Outline Introduction • Introduction • Causes of Overpressure and Underpressure • Reliefs • Effluent Handling Systems for Reliefs • Runaway Reactions • Overpressure Protection for Internal Fires and Explosions Reliefs Runaways Safeguards

4. For Further Information:Refer to the Appendix Supplied with this Presentation NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

5. Causes of Overpressure • Operating Problem • Equipment Failure • Process Upset • External Fire • Utility Failures NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

6. Causes of Underpressures • Operating Problem • Equipment Failure NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

7. Presentation 1 of 3: Reliefs Causes of Overpressure/Underpressure Presentation 2: Runaways NEXT PREVIOUS Presentation 1: Reliefs Presentation 3: Safeguards Text Home

8. Pressure Relief Devices • Spring-Loaded Pressure Relief Valve • Rupture Disc • Buckling Pin • Miscellaneous Mechanical NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

9. Spring-Loaded Pressure Relief Valve NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

10. Rupture Disc NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

11. Buckling Pin Relief Valve ClosedPressure Below Set Pressure Full OpenPressure at or AboveSet Pressure (Buckles in Milliseconds at a Precise Set Pressure) NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

12. Simple Mechanical Pressure Relief NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

13. Types of Spring-LoadedPressure Reliefs • Safety Valves for Gases and Vapors • Relief Valves for Liquids • Safety Relief Valves for Liquids and/or Gases NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

14. Types of Safety Valves • Conventional • Balanced Bellows, and • Pilot-Operated NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

15. Conventional Safety Valve NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

16. Balanced Bellows Safety Valve NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

17. Pilot-Operated Safety Valve NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

18. Types of Relief Valves • Conventional • Balanced Bellows NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

19. Types of Rupture Discs • Metal • Graphite • Composite • Others NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

20. Rupture Disc and Pressure Relief Valve Combination NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

21. Vacuum Relief Devices • Vacuum Relief Valves • Rupture Discs • Conservation Vents • Manhole Lids • Pressure Control NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

22. Conservation Vent NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

23. Pressure or Vacuum Control • Add Air or Nitrogen • Maintain Appropriately NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

24. Relief Servicing • Inspection • Testing NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

25. Relief Discharges • To Atmosphere • Prevented • Effluent System NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

26. Effluent Systems • Knock-Out Drum • Catch Tank • Cyclone Separator NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

27. Effluent System (continued) • Condenser • Quench Tank • Scrubber • Flares/Incinerators NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

28. Effluent Handling System NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

29. Presentation 2 of 3: Runaways Causes of Overpressure/Underpressure Presentation 2: Runaways NEXT PREVIOUS Presentation 1: Reliefs Presentation 3: Safeguards Text Home

30. Runaway Reaction • Temperature Increases • Reaction Rate Increases • Pressure Increases NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

31. Causes of Runaway Reactions • Self-Heating • Sleeper • Tempered • Gassy • Hybrid Characteristics of Runaway NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

32. Self-Heating Reaction • Loss of Cooling • Unexpected Addition of Heat • Too Much Catalyst or Reactant • Operator Mistakes • Too Fast Addition of Catalyst or Reactant NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

33. Sleeper Reactions • Reactants Added But Not Mixed (Error) • Reactants Accumulate • Agitation Started .. Too Late NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

34. Tempered Reaction • Heat Removed by Evaporation • Heat Removal Maintains a Constant Temperature NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

35. Gassy System • No Volatile Solvents • Gas is Reaction Product NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

36. Hybrid System • Tempered • Gassy NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

37. Reliefs for Runaway Reactions • Two Phase (or Three Phases: Liquid, Vapor, and Solid) Flow • Relief Area: 2 to 10 Times the Area of a Single Gaseous Phase NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

38. Two Phase Flow NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

39. Relief Valve Sizing Methodology • Special Calorimeter Data • Special Calculation Methods NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

40. ARC VSP RSST APTAC PHI-TEC Dewars Characterization of Runaway Reactions NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

41. Presentation 3 of 3: Safeguards Causes of Overpressure/Underpressure Presentation 2: Runaways NEXT PREVIOUS Presentation 1: Reliefs Presentation 3: Safeguards Text Home

42. Safeguards • Safety Interlocks • Safeguard Maintenance System • Short-Stopping NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

43. Safety Interlocks • Agitator Not Working: Stop Monomer Feed and Add Full Cooling • Abnormal Temperature: Stop Monomer Feed and Add Full Cooling NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

44. Safety Interlocks (continued) • Abnormal Pressure: Stop Monomer Feed and Add Full Cooling • Abnormal Heat Balance: Stop Monomer Feed and Add Full Cooling • Abnormal Conditions: Add Short-Stop NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

45. Safeguard Maintenance System • Routine Maintenance • Management of Change • Mechanical Integrity Checks • Records NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

46. Short-Stops to Stop Reaction • Add Reaction Stopper • Add Agitation with No Electrical Power NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

47. Protection for InternalFires and Explosions • Deflagrations • Detonations NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

48. Protection Methods forInternal Fires and Explosions • Deflagration Venting • Deflagration Suppression • Containment NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

49. Protection Methods for Internal Fires and Explosions (continued) • Reduction of Oxidant • Reduction of Combustible • Flame Front Isolation NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home

50. Protection Methods for Internal Fires and Explosions (continued) • Spark Detection and Extinguishing • Flame Detection and Extinguishing • Water Spray and Deluge Systems NEXT PREVIOUS Text Home