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“Location Based Services - Survey” Assignment #5 CS 600, Distributed Systems

“Location Based Services - Survey” Assignment #5 CS 600, Distributed Systems. Young J. Won Nov. 22, 2006 DPNM, POSTECH Email : yjwon@postech.ac.kr. Outline. Location Based Service Definition Extending Today’s Web? Mobile Communication Outlook Technologies in 3G, WLAN, and beyond

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“Location Based Services - Survey” Assignment #5 CS 600, Distributed Systems

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  1. “Location Based Services - Survey”Assignment #5CS 600, Distributed Systems • Young J. Won • Nov. 22, 2006 • DPNM, POSTECH • Email : yjwon@postech.ac.kr

  2. Outline • Location Based Service • Definition • Extending Today’s Web? • Mobile Communication Outlook • Technologies in 3G, WLAN, and beyond • Location Data Types • Location Acquisition • Architecture • Accuracy • Conclusion • Research Issues • Standard Activities • Reference

  3. Quote “The Internet will not be successfully translated to the mobile world without location awareness which is a significant enabler in order to translate the Internet into a viable mobile economy”… Bob Egan, Vice President Mobile & Wireless, Gartner Group

  4. Positioning GIS Internet Location Services Mobile GIS LBS Mobile Internet Mobile Services Internet Definition: Location Based Services (1/2)

  5. Definition: Location Based Services (2/2) • Definition: A Location Based Service is any product, service, or application that uses knowledge of a mobile subscriber’s location to offer value to the mobile subscriber or to a third party • Mobile LBSs • Resource and information services based on the location • Allow customers or applications to request and receive information based on their geographic location while on the move • maps, activities, emergency response, law enforcement, inventory control, geo-fencing, demographic data collection, and so on • Growing field: LBSs revenues will be exceeding $10 billion in the U.S. and $50 billion worldwide in 2008. [Reference: Keyira Inc.]

  6. Extending the Today’s Web? • Event Web (Active Web) applications are • They may be location- and time- dependent • Many may not be about surfing the web, but about searching for location- and time-dependent information Web 3.0???

  7. It’s Here Already! – KTiDS & SKT [Reference: http://www.u-lo.co.kr]

  8. Monthly income per user in Euro [Reference: Nokia] 100 Location based services 90 Div. telecomm. 80 Commercials Text messages Entertainment 70 Information services Photo messages Payment transactions 60 Music and video Internet surfing 50 Download from internet Chat on internet Multimedia messages 40 Vide conferencing 30 20 Normal speech 10 Fixed subscription fees 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mobile Communication: An Outlook The type of services the end users have paid and would like to pay in the future

  9. Wireless Instant Messaging Operational Value • Mobile gambling • Mobile search • Mobile payment • Mobile TV broadcasting • Mobile TV streaming • Presence on mobile • Mobile email • Ringtonemobile downloads • VOIP over WLAN • Mobile blogging • Multi media messaging service • Mobile banking • Mobile video on demand • VOIP WWAN • Mobile gaming Strategic Value • Chat • Location based services Plateau will be reached in: obsolete before plateau less than 2 years 2 to 5 years 5 to 10 years more than 10 years Consumer Mobile Services - Hype Cycle, 2006. [Reference: Hype Cycle, Gartner Group] Visibility Maturity Peak of Inflated Expectation Technology Trigger Plateau of Productivity Trough of Disillusionment Slope of Enlightenment

  10. Location Data Types • Absolute location • Source: GPS receivers, mobile phone networks, geocoding • Geometric location of user • Latitude, longitude, elevation, error margin • Directional indicator (speed and heading) • Symbolic location (address, semantic related) • Source: reverse geocoding, fixed beacon, manual entry • e.g., company/building/floor/office, airline/airplane/seat, road networks • Network location • Source: any computer or mobile device • Host name, domain name, IP address of a computer

  11. Location Acquisition • Self-positioning devices • Require processing power at device • Provide privacy and parallelism • e.g., Car navigation system, GPS-enabled cell phone • Infrastructure-based solution • Requires transmission power at device • Provides broader device compatibility • Centralized vs. distributed location acquisition • Devices continuously report their positions to a centralized location server • Detection of (or by) nearby objects

  12. LBS Architectures • Key functionality • Location data management • Location query processing • Centralized client-server architecture • Mobile client report their positions periodically • Servers handle the location query and location data management • Distributed client-server architecture • Partition the location query task into server site processing and mobile object side processing • Using server mediation to establish the communication between mobile objects • Decentralized peer to peer computing architecture • Mobile clients serve as server, client, and router for each location query and location data management task

  13. Positioning Techniques in 3G Networks • Practical techniques in locating handsets for GSM networks: • Cell-ID (Cell Identity) and Cell-ID with TA (Timing Advanced) • TOA (Time-of-arrival) and TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) • E-OTD (Enhanced-Observed Time Difference) • A-GPS (Assisted-Global Positioning System) • Possible techniques for 3G networks • Cell-ID (or Cell Global ID) • Cell-ID with RTT (Round Trip Time) • OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival, standards in UMTS) • A-GPS (Assisted-GPS) • Proposed architecture by the 3GPP for 3G networks • GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Centre) • SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Centre) • LMU (Location Measurement Units)

  14. Illustrations

  15. Accuracy

  16. Positioning Techniques in WLAN • Practical techniques for LBSs in WLAN (IEEE 802.11) • RSS-based approaches • Received Signal Strengths: requires denser installation of APs or minimum of 3 APs • SNMP-based approaches • IP-MAC address mapping, DHCP log search, SNMP trap approach • RADIUS-based approaches • IP-MAC address mapping, Authentication step • Device-driven approaches • Active scan, Passive scan (both require to handle beacon frames) – probe request & response • Extra: Internet-based location acquisition • IP-address as position and position based DNS

  17. Localization • Alternatively called, ‘Localization’ • Determining geographical locations of persons or devices in wireless networks • Ubiquitous office/home, visitor guidance, network management/resource planning, and wireless network attacker localizer • Techniques • Signal types: infrared (e.g., Active Badge), ultrasound (e.g., MIT Cricket, UCLA Medusa), Ultra-wideband (e.g., Ubisense), RF • Many are indoor applicable methodologies • Existing methods • RSS pattern-matching approach • Time-varying signal strength: high fluctuation due to RF fading, mobility • Configuration overhead: frequent full-scale survey and training • Path loss model based approach • Dedicated hardware based approach • Signal-distance map from RSS [Lim ‘06, INFOCOM]

  18. LBS in Wibro & More … (1/2) • GaeSoft’s LBS Platform Solution for Wibro • LBS platform project in KT’s Wibro (2005.8 ~ 2006.3) • Implementing location gateway, LBS server, GIS server • http://www.gaeasoft.co.kr/lbs/glp.php • Pointi, LBS Frontier Corporation • LBS/GIS/Telematics/Alert platform for KT, KTF, and KTH • http://www.pointi.com/new/solution/LBSPlatform.htm • TSC Systems • Indoor location tracking using ZigBee • Device solution • Qualcomm’s BREW offers LBS related APIs • IBM’s LBS guide using XML to represent location information • Sprint, Nokia, DevX, Inventsure, Northstream, Openwave, Sun, and so on

  19. LBS in Wibro & More … (2/2) • Infravalley • LBSP provides integrated mobile service environment inter-working with various application solutions • http://www.infravalley.co.kr/ps/sub3_newfile02/e_sub2_2.php • Note • 7:3 = GPS enabled phone: Non-GPS phones • Currently, 50% of the current location responses are from Cell ID

  20. Research Issues • Architectural issue • Enables fast processing • Dynamic billing • Adding another dimension to billing strategy • Real-time Tracking • Query: Position reporting • Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) • Accuracy • What can we do to improve more? • Privacy & Security • Anonymity • Service discovery • Revenue generation Content Time Location • LBS in next generation wireless mobile networks • Issues, directions, consistency of the current systems

  21. Standard Activities, WGs & Conferences • 3GPP TS22.071 • OGC (Open GIS Consortium) OpenLS • Presence (pic.internet2.edu) • Harvard university • Where 2.0 • http://conferences.oreillynet.com/where2007/ • More GIS (Geographical Information System) oriented • O’reilly annual conference on location technology and future outlook • IEEE • Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies • Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems • Conference on e-Business Engineering • Many more… • Else • FCC (Federal communications Commission)

  22. Conclusions • “Where 2.0 was the most interesting and provocative conference I have ever attended.” – CTO, MetaCarta • Let’s face a whole new dimension • A new set of services and applications • Developing a killer app in next generations of wireless world

  23. References (1/2) • Long Liu. “Mobile Web and Location Based Services,” presented at WAIM, Hong Kong, June 17-20, 2006. • J. DeLoach and C. Verbil. “Location Based Services: Beyond a Simple Lat/Lon”, BREW Conference 2006. • P. Ibach and M. Horbank. “Highly Available Location-based Services in Mobile Environments,” http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~horbank/ISAS_Ibach_Horbank_revised.pdf/. • K. Rannenberg. “Location Based Services,” Mobile Commerce & Multilateral Security, 2005. • White Paper. “Location Based Services Summary,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=83161/. • White Paper. “Location Based Services Network Overview,” http://developer.sprint.com/getDocument.do?docId=85091/.

  24. References (2/2) • SE.23 Permanent reference document on location based services, http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/applications/location.shtml/. • Exodus Solutions, “M-Guide Cultural Location Based Information Services,” http://www.content-village.org/incacontent/upload/mguide_CalimeraWorkshopZadar_0604.pdf/. • John Kim. “Location-Based Services (LBS): An Emerging Innovative Transport Service Technology,” STELLA Thematic Network, 2002 • M. Bradley, I. Wang, and M. Huang. “The Potential Use of Location Based Services in Mobile Commerce Applications,” http://www.massey.ac.nz/~dviehlan/LocationBasedServices.ppt/. • A. P. Silva. “Location Based Services,” http://cserg0.site.uottawa.ca/ftp/pub/Presentations/SITE_LBS.ppt/.

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