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Chapter 8: Photosynthesis. http://www.kideos.com/video/photosynthesis-song. 8.1 Energy and Life, Pages 226-229 8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview, Pages 230-234 8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis, Pages 235-241. Chapter Vocabulary. 8.2 Pigment Chlorophyll Thylakoid Stroma NADP+
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Chapter 8: Photosynthesis http://www.kideos.com/video/photosynthesis-song 8.1 Energy and Life, Pages 226-229 8.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview, Pages 230-234 8.3 The Process of Photosynthesis, Pages 235-241
Chapter Vocabulary 8.2 Pigment Chlorophyll Thylakoid Stroma NADP+ Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions 8.3 Photosystem Electron transport chain ATP synthase Calvin Cycle 8.1 Adenosine triphosphate Heterotroph Autotroph Photosynthesis
8.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Pages 226-229 • Energy is the ability to do work. • Your cells are busy using energy to build new molecules, contract muscles, and carry out active transport. • Without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist.
Chemical Energy and ATP • One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release • energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). • ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Storing Energy • Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) looks almost like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three. ADP contains some energy, but not as much as ATP. • When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding phosphate groups to ADP, producing ATP. • ADP is like a rechargeable battery that powers the machinery of the cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Elr8GOHI9A&feature=related
Releasing Energy • Cells can release the energy stored in ATP by breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups. • Because a cell can add or subtract these phosphate groups, it has an efficient way of storing and releasing energy as needed.
Using Biochemical Energy • ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over the long term. • It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand. • Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.
Heterotrophs • Some heterotrophs get their food by eating plants. • Other heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals. • Still other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by decomposing other organisms.
Autotrophs • Plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. • The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is known as photosynthesis.
Light • Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light. • Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes and make up the visible spectrum. • Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Pigments • Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. • The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll. • The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region. * Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green.
8.2 Photosynthesis-An Overview Pages 230-234 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYPeeABoUs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gLa5EWn9OI&feature=related
Light-Dependent Reactions • The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH. • These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. • Water is required as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
Light-Dependent Reactions When chlorophyll is hit by light, electronsbecome excited. They will move around in the thylakoid until they reach a special “carrier” called NADPwhich becomes NADPH. Oxygen is given offand ATP isalso made.
Light-Independent Reactions- “The Calvin Cycle” • ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide. • No light is required to power the light-independent reactions. • The light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma.
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen. In symbols: • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 In words: • Carbon dioxide + Water Sugars + Oxygen
8.3The Process of Photosynthesis, Pages 235-241 • Plants use the sugars generated by photosynthesis to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches, and to provide energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including proteins and lipids.
The Light-Dependent Reactions: Generating ATP and NADPH • The light-dependent reactions directly involve sunlight and occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. • The products are oxygen, ATP and NADPH. • ATP and NADPH provide the energy for the Light-Independent Reactions.
The Light-Independent Reactions: Producing Sugars • During the light-independent reactions, commonly referred to as the Calvin cycle, plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contains to build stable high-energy carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time.
The End Results • The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together—the light-dependent reactions trap the energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. • In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen.