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Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. and Tom A. Cackette

Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. and Tom A. Cackette California Air Resources Board. Diesels are an Important Part of the World’s Economy. Introduction. Land and sea transport Electrical power Farming, industrial, and construction activities.

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Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. and Tom A. Cackette

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  1. Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D. and Tom A. Cackette California Air Resources Board

  2. Diesels are an Important Part of the World’s Economy Introduction Land and sea transport Electrical power Farming, industrial, and construction activities

  3. The Number of Commercial Diesel Vehicles Will Grow in Many Countries Introduction Western Europe 57 Eastern Europe 34 Canada 20 Russia 34 China 6 U.S. 289 India 6 Africa 9 Japan 175 Middle & South America 21 Australia 116 Sources: World Road Statistics (1999) and World Bank Atlas (1998) Commercial Vehicles per 1000 Inhabitants

  4. Introduction Diesels Make Up One-third of Passenger Car Sales in Europe Source: Walsh (2001) SAE paper 2001-01-0183

  5. 140 1992 120 1997 100 80 60 40 20 0 >26,000 <10,000 10,001 to 19,500 19,501 to 26,000 Truck Average Weight Category (pounds) Diesel Truck VMT is Growing in the U.S. Introduction Annual VMT (billions) Source: U.S. Department of Commerce

  6. Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Advantage 30% less fuel than comparable gasoline engine More durable Disadvantages Single largest source of NOX Toxic emissions Less power per unit displacement

  7. Emissions Harmful Components of Diesel Exhaust Gases Particles Carbon Dioxide Elemental Carbon Carbon Monoxide Sulfate Nitrogen Oxides Hydrocarbons Sulfur Dioxide PAHs Hydrocarbons Aldehydes PAHs

  8. Emissions A Diesel Particle

  9. Diesel is a Major Source of NOX in California California in 2000 Source: EMFAC2000 Emissions

  10. Diesel is a Majority of Air Toxic Risk in Los Angeles Emissions

  11. U.S. Diesel Vehicle NOX Inventory NOX (million tons/year) Heavy-duty Vehicles Non-road Vehicles Light-duty Vehicles Year U.S. EPA Nat’lAir Pollution Trends, 1900 - 1998 Office of Air Quality Emissions

  12. Emissions U.S. Diesel Vehicle PM10 Inventory PM10 (thousand tons/year) Non-road Vehicles Heavy-duty Vehicles Light-duty Vehicles U.S. EPA Nat’lAir Pollution Trends, 1900 - 1998 Office of Air Quality

  13. Emission Modeling Improvements Needed in Emission Inventory More emission and activity data Conversion factors for units of work per mile Test cycles do not represent all driving conditions Emission deterioration characterization Uncertainties not great enough to question need to reduce emissions

  14. Concentration Location Year Reference (µg/m3) Los Angeles 1982 4.4 - 12 Schauer et al., 1996 Tokyo 1987 24 Yoshizumi, 1990 Phoenix 1989 - 90 3.0 - 20 Chow et al., 1991 Phoenix 1994 - 95 2.4 - 5.3 Maricopa, 1999 Denver 1996 - 97 1.1 - 2.4 Fujita et al.,1998 Los Angeles 1998 - 99 3.4 SCAQMD, 2000 CA (pop- wt'd) 2000 1.8 Cal/EPA, 1998 Indirect Nitrate 2000 0.81 ARB, 2001 Atmospheric Diesel PM Concentrations Exposure

  15. Yearly Deaths Attributable to Particulate Matter Health Effects Europe 40,600* due to PM10 (About 6% of all natural deaths in Austria, France, and Switzerland) Nationwide ~70,000** due to PM2.5 (About 3% of all natural deaths) California1,380- 4,250*** due to Diesel PM2.5 (1.3% of all natural deaths in 1999) * Kunzli, 2000 **Schwartz, 2000 ***Krewski, 2000 and DHS records

  16. Yearly Deaths Attributable to Diesel Particles in California Health Effects Annual Mortality

  17. Cancer Effects of Diesel Health Effects Increased lung cancer incidence supported by 30+ population studies WHO, U.S. EPA, NIOSH, and HEI acknowledge the cancer potential in humans ARB identified diesel exhaust PM as TAC Unit Risk Range: 130 - 2,400 per million

  18. Health Effects Potential Near-Source Added Cancer Risks for Diesel-Related Activities

  19. Association Between Lung Function of Children Living <300 Meters From Motorway and Intensity of Cargo Traffic Lung Function FEV1 (Liters) Source: Brunekreef B, et al, Air Pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways Health Effects

  20. Increased Symptoms for High Truck Traffic Odds Ratio Health Effects

  21. Environmental Effects Diesels and Visibility Reduction Black carbon absorbs light efficiently Diesels largest source of black carbon 10-75% of light extinction in urban areas

  22. Smoggy Los Angeles Environmental Effects Los Angeles On a Clear Day

  23. Many Diesel Exhaust Components Contribute to Global Warming Source: IPCC 2000; Summary for Policymakers Environmental Effects

  24. Environmental Effects The Galapagos Island Diesel Fuel Spill

  25. Diesel Contributes to Water and Soil Pollution Environmental Effects Fuel spills and leaks Deposition to water bodies and soils

  26. Reducing Emissions of Diesels New Engines Engine modifications Post-combustion clean-up Alternatives to Diesel Fuels Cleaner diesel Alternatives Current fleet Proper maintenance Retrofit Emission Controls

  27. Engine Technologies that Reduce Diesel Emissions Emission Controls Turbocharging Aftercooling Optimize combustion Chamber design Oxidation Catalysts Retard injection timing High pressure fuel injection Electronic/computer control

  28. Emission Controls Diesel Fuel Improvements Lower Sulfur Reduces PM Less engine wear 350 ppm on-road 3500 ppm off-road Lower Aromatics Reduces NOX 7%

  29. NOx Emission Standards for New On-road Engines Current and Future Technologies NOX (g/bhp-hr) Source: DieselNet. Emissions Standards: European Union, 2001.

  30. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 U.S./CA 0.3 EU 0.2 0.1 0 1990 1998 2008 1988 1992 1994 1996 2000 2002 2004 2006 2010 PM Emissions Standards for New On-road Engines Current and Future Technologies PM (g/bhp-hr) 98+% lower Source: DieselNet. Emissions Standards: European Union, 2001.

  31. Emission Standards forNew Off-road Engines 175-300 hp Model Year Emission Controls

  32. Technologies to Meet Future Emission Standards NOX Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) - 2002/4 Combustion improvement After-treatment (2007) PM Filter Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuel 15 ppm (2006) Future Technologies

  33. Diesel Particulate Filter Emission Modeling Emission Modeling Future Technologies

  34. Future Technologies Diesel Fuels Low Sulfur Fuel U.S. - 15 ppm (on-road) by mid-2006 CA/TX - 15 ppm (on and off-road) by mid-2006 EU - 50 ppm by 2005 (possibly 10 ppm) Alternative Diesel Fuels Fischer Tropsch - zero sulfur and aromatics Water emulsions - reduce PM and NOX

  35. California Diesel PM Risk Reduction Plan Future Technologies 14 new control measures 75% risk reduction by 2010 Retrofit on- and off-road diesel engines with filters (80% of plan’s benefit)

  36. Trap Trap Diesel PM Traps Are Effective Trap Future Technologies

  37. Future Technologies Maintaining Low Emissions In-use Roadside smoke inspections Reduced smoky trucks from 30% to 8% Expand to include NOX and PM testing (by 2003)

  38. Future Technologies Alternative Fuels Natural Gas Lower NOX and PM Nanoparticle formation being investigated Methanol and Ethanol Poor durability and frequent overhauls

  39. Fuel Cells Ultimate replacement for diesel engines Zero Emissions High efficiency Cost reduction needed Initial transit buses in 2003 Near-term promise as truck APU Future Technologies

  40. Progress Means Regulations and Monitoring Conclusions and Recommendations Environmental regulations result in reduced emissions Equal focus on off-road engines and fuels needed Monitoring of in-use emission performance must continue

  41. Summary Widespread use of diesels throughout the world Number of diesels continues to grow Diesel PM associated with premature death, lung cancer, and asthma NOX emissions are PM and O3 precursors Black carbon soils, reduces visibility, and affects earth’s radiation balance

  42. Summary Emissions reduced through improved engine design and fuel reformulation After-treatment effectively reduces emissions to near-zero levels Ultra-low sulfur fuels necessary Alternative fuels (NG) making in-roads now Fuel cells and other alternatives will begin to replace or complement diesels this decade

  43. Acknowledgments Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Air Resources Board Steve Church, P.E. Shaelyn Raab Strattan Carmen Harms Mike Baker Dr. Shannon Baxter Mark Carlock Donald Chernich, P.E. Bart Croes, P.E. Eric Decetis Dr. Deborah Drechsler Mark Edwards Fereidun Feizollahi Scott Fruin Jim Guthrie Robert Ianni Dr. Norm Kado Jack Kitowski Robert Krieger Gloria Lindner Joann Lu Dr. Dongmin Luo Steve Mara Dr. Eileen McCauley Elizabeth Miller Dr. Diane Mitchell Dr. Nehzat Motallebi Susan O’Connor Dr. Shankar Prasad Tony Servin, P.E. Dr. Willam Vance Tony VanCuren Dr. Melanie Marty Dr. Bart Ostro Dr. Michael Lipsett Dr. Stan Dawson Dr. John Budroe Desert Research Institute Professor Judy Chow Professor John Watson Norman Mankin

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