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4. Nutrients for Blood Production

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4. Nutrients for Blood Production

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    1. 1 4. Nutrients for Blood Production/Cell Growth key roles in synthesis of DNA and new cells folate vitamin B-12 iron: to support enlarged blood volume and provide for placental and fetal needs; supplement needed; zinc 5. Nutrients for Bone Development vitamin D calcium 6. Other Nutrients/Nutrient Supplements

    2. 2 Exercise during Pregnancy Do: Don’t: Regularly (3x/week) warm up reach target heart rate cool down drink water eat enough No vigorous if inactive not hot, humid weather not if sick don’t lie on back not if pain or discomfort no jerky or bouncy movements

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    5. 5 Nutrition-Related Concerns during Pregnancy Nausea keep crackers by bedside; arise slowly; eat bland foods; eat whatever sounds good; include protein; eat regularly Constipation and Hemorrhoids eat high fiber; exercise; drink fluids; go when need to; Heartburn eat slowly; relax; small frequent meals; avoid food offenders; don’t lie down after eating;

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    7. 7 Food Cravings strong desires to eat particular foods don’t reflect real physiological needs due to hormone-induced changes in sensitivity to taste and smell Food Aversions strong desires to avoid particular foods Nonfood Cravings Pica: cravings for nonfood items such as laundry starch, clay, dirt, ice cultural phenomenon not a response to nutrient need

    8. 8 High-Risk Pregnancies Maternal weight Maternal nutrition Socioeconomic status Lifestyle habits Age Previous pregnancies number; interval; outcomes; birthweight; multiples Maternal health high blood pressure; diabetes; chronic disease

    9. 9 Malnutrition and Pregnancy Malnutrition and Fertility women may develop amenorrhea; men: unviable sperm Malnutrition and Early Pregnancy may prevent full placenta development WIC program Malnutrition and Fatal Development fetal growth retardation, congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion,

    10. 10 Maternal Health Preexisting Diabetes poor BG levels increase risk infant problems Preexisting Hypertension poor BP increase risk of LBW, placenta problems Transient Hypertension of Pregnancy mild rise in BP and does not adversely affect Preeclampsia high BP, protein in urine, whole body edema, Eclampsia convulsive seizures and coma

    11. 11 Gestational Diabetes 1 in 25 women Risk Factors age 35 or older; BMI> 25; previous high birth weight infant; sx of diab.; family hx diab; ethnicity; One hour GTT at 24-28 weeks Three hour GTT if flunk one hour Diet and Exercise Recommendations SMBG Insulin

    12. 12 Pregnancy in Adolescents 1 per 8 babies born to a teenager iron-deficiency anemia and prolonged labor higher rates of stillbirths, preterm births, and LBW Few financial resources Regular prenatal care Pattern of teenage pregnancies Maternity Support Services (MSS) and Women, Infants and Children (WIC)

    13. 13 Pregnancy in Older Women Increasing rate of first births to women over age 35 Cesarean sections twice as common Maternal death rates are higher Complications associated with HTN, Diabetes Babies at higher risk genetic abnormalities such as Down’s Syndrome Triple screen; amniocentesis

    14. 14 Practices Incompatible with PG Alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome; leading cause of mental retardation; is totally unavoidable Medicinal Drugs MUST consult medical provider Herbal Supplements MUST consult medical provider Illicit Drugs 17% PG women use marijuana; drugs cross placenta and impair fetal growth & development

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    18. 18 Smoking and Chewing Tobacco smoking restricts blood supply to fetus, limits O2 and nutrients; cause of LBW; SIDS fetal growth retardation prolonged final stage of labor mislocation of the placenta premature separation of the placenta vaginal bleeding spontaneous abortion fetal death middle ear diseases; cardiac and respiratory diseases

    19. 19 Environmental Contaminants lead; mercury; Vitamin-Mineral Megadoses don’t do; cases of vitamin A Caffeine heavy use (3-6 cups) may increase risk of spontaneous abortion; limit to less than 300 mg/day Weight-Loss Dieting ketosis deprives fetal brain of needed glucose and may impair cognitive development Sugar Substitutes ask Medical Provider

    20. 20 More PG Topics: Food Safety and Sanitation Keep Foods at Safe Temperatures above 140; below 40; frig<40; thaw appropriately Avoid Risky Foods and Water pasteurized milk, juice; no raw sprouts; no raw meat or eggs; Cook Foods Adequately Practice Personal Hygiene Avoid Cross-Contamination

    21. 21 Pregnancy Small Group Questions 1. P.R. is planning a pregnancy. Name 3 topics of discussion in preconception counseling. 2. Name an advantage and a disadvantage of slower GI motility during pregnancy. 3. How much weight should a women gain during pregnancy? What are the components of the weight gain? 4. How do calorie and protein needs change during pregnancy? What nutrients are important for blood production?

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