Chapter Nine Lecture Notes

1. Chapter Nine Lecture Notes Taking Stock of Where You Are: The Balance Sheet

2. Managerial and Financial Accounting • Managerial Accounting: Internal Focus. • Plan • Implement • Control • Financial Accounting: External Focus. • Record events or transactions. • Report financial position and results of operations.

3. The Financial Statements • Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) - a snapshot of the resources, obligations, and worth of an organization at a specific point in time. • Activity Statement (Operating or Income Statement) - measures the cumulative resource inflows and outflows for an organization over some specified period of time. It is the reporting equivalent of an operating budget. • Cash Flow Statement- measures the cumulative cash inflows and outflows for an organization over some specified period of time. It is the reporting equivalent of a cash budget.

4. Financial Statement Concepts • Generally Accepted Accounting Principlesfrom the FASB (not-for-profits) or the GASB (governments) guide the preparation of financial statements. • Entity Concept requires that you define the organizational component for which you are trying to account. • Money Denominator Convention requires that all items included on the financial statements be measurable in dollar terms. • Objectivity Principlerequires that values be based on an objective valuation of resources. When there is a dispute over value, cost is used. • Original (Historical) Cost – assets are recorded at the amount paid for them.

5. Conservatism says that you should anticipate and report losses but not gains. • Going Concern Concept assumes that the organization will continue in operation. • Materiality says that reporting only needs to contain the level of detail and accuracy necessary for decision making. Financial reports do not need to be exactly accurate. • Accrual Conceptstates that revenues are recorded when the organization has earned them and expenses are recorded when resources are used to generate revenues. More Financial Statement Concepts

6. The Fundamental Accounting Equation Residual Assets Owned by Owners Claims by Outsiders Assets = Liabilities + Equity or Assets - Liabilities = Equity What you own - What you owe = What you are worth Resources Sources of Resources Equation must always be in balance!

7. Statement of Financial Position (The Balance Sheet) • Balance sheet reports: - what an organization owns (Assets), - what it owes to outsiders (Liabilities), and - the portion of the organization's assets owned by its owners. Called • Owner's Equity, Partners' Equity, Net Worth, or Stockholders’ Equity(for-profit organizations). • Net Assets or Fund Balance (not-for-profit and governments). • at a specific point in time. For example, at the end of the • organization'sFiscal Year.

8. Ms. Jane Frost Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2011 A Personal Balance Sheet

9. Assets • Assets on the balance sheet are divided into current or short-term (those that are cash or are expected to become cash or will be used up within twelve months) and long-term (those that will not). • Short-Term or Current Assets are listed in order of declining liquidity and normally include: - cash, - marketable securities, - accounts receivable, - inventory, and - prepaid expenses

10. Meals for the Homeless Balance Sheet

11. Marketable Securities • Marketable securities include equity and debt instruments that can be bought and sold in public and private markets. • The values of Marketable Securities are reported by governments and not-for-profit organizations at fair market value. For-profit organizations use fair market value for reporting most of their marketable securities.

12. ASSETS LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS Current Assets Liabilities Cash $ 1,000 Current Liabilities Marketable Securities 3,000 Wages Payable $ 2,000 Accounts Receivable, Net 55,000 Accounts Payable 2,000 Inventory 2,000 Notes Payable 6,000 Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Current Portion - Mortgage Payable 4,000 Total Current Assets $62,000 Total Current Liabilities $ 14,000 Long-Term Assets Long-Term Liabilities Fixed Assets Mortgage Payable $ 12,000 Property $ 40,000 Total Long-Term Liabilities $ 12,000 Equipment, Net 35,000 Investments 8,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES $ 26,000 Total Long-Term Assets $ 83,000 NET ASSETS 119,000 TOTAL ASSETS $145,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS $145,000 Meals for the Homeless Balance Sheet

13. Long-Term Assets • Long-Term Assets are generally divided into three categories: - Fixed Assets, which include: • property (land) usually recorded at cost, • plant (buildings) originally recorded at cost and later reported at net book value, and • equipment originally recorded at cost and later reported at net book value. - Investments, and - Intangibles.

14. ASSETS LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS Current Assets Liabilities Cash $ 1,000 Current Liabilities Marketable Securities 3,000 Wages Payable $ 2,000 Accounts Receivable Net 55,000 Accounts Payable 2,000 Inventory 2,000 Notes Payable 6,000 Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Current Portion - Mortgage Payable 4,000 Total Current Assets $62,000 Total Current Liabilities $ 14,000 Long-Term Assets Long-Term Liabilities Fixed Assets Mortgage Payable $ 12,000 $ 40,000 Property, Net Total Long-Term Liabilities $ 12,000 Equipment, Net 35,000 Investments 8,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES $ 26,000 Total Long-Term Assets $ 83,000 NET ASSETS 119,000 TOTAL ASSETS $145,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS $145,000 Meals for the Homeless Balance Sheet

15. Plant and Equipment on the Balance Sheet • Recorded at cost when acquired. • Reported net of accumulated depreciation on the balance sheet. • Suppose an organization buys a van for $30,000 and expects to use it for five years and sell it for $5,000. Assuming that the van will be used up evenly over the five years, how would its value appear on the balance sheet at the end of two years?

16. Record the Van at Cost $30,000 Subtract two years of depreciation [($30,000 - $5,000 salvage)/5 yr life] * 2 = $10,000 Net Book Value = $30,000 cost - $10,000 Accum. Deprec. = $20,000 A Net Book Value Example

17. All three values - cost, accumulated depreciation, and net book value are shown on the balance sheet or in notes that accompany the financial statements. Why? Fixed Assets on the Balance Sheet Museum A Museum B Are these two museums really similar or different?

18. Recognizing Asset Transactions • Financial events are recorded at the time of Recognition. • Asset transactions are recognized when: - the assets are owned by the organization, - the assets have a monetary value, - that monetary value can be objectively determined. • Which of the following should be recognized as assets? - the amount due on a bill sent to a client? - an LCD computer projector? • a fundraising mailing list developed in an organization?

19. Liabilities • Liabilities are categorized as short term and long term depending on when they are due for payment. • Short term usually means coming due in one year or less • Short-term liabilities generally consist of: • specific "payables" which are typically due within thirty days, • wages or salary payable, • accounts payable, • short term notes payable – i.e., short-term loans, and • the portion of long-term debt coming due this year

20. ASSETS LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS Current Assets Liabilities Cash $ 1,000 Current Liabilities Marketable Securities 3,000 Wages Payable $ 2,000 Accounts Receivable, Net 55,000 Accounts Payable 2,000 Inventory 2,000 Notes Payable 6,000 Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Current Portion - Mortgage Payable 4,000 Total Current Assets $62,000 Total Current Liabilities $ 14,000 Long-Term Assets Long-Term Liabilities Fixed Assets Mortgage Payable $ 12,000 Property $ 40,000 Total Long-Term Liabilities $ 12,000 Equipment, Net 35,000 Investments 8,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES $ 26,000 Total Long-Term Assets $ 83,000 NET ASSETS 119,000 TOTAL ASSETS $145,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS $145,000 Meals for the Homeless Balance Sheet

21. Long-Term Liabilities are recorded at the Present Value of the required future payments. They include: - Long-Term Debt: • Capital Leases • Long-Term Unsecured Loans • Long-Term Notes Payable • Mortgages Payable • Bonds Payable - Pension Liabilities, and - Contingent Liabilities. Long-Term Liabilities

22. ASSETS LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS Current Assets Liabilities Cash $ 1,000 Current Liabilities Marketable Securities 3,000 Wages Payable $ 2,000 Accounts Receivable, Net 55,000 Accounts Payable 2,000 Inventory 2,000 Notes Payable 6,000 Prepaid Expenses 1,000 Current Portion - Mortgage Payable 4,000 Total Current Assets $62,000 Total Current Liabilities $ 14,000 Long-Term Assets Long-Term Liabilities Fixed Assets Mortgage Payable $ 12,000 Property $ 40,000 Total Long-Term Liabilities $ 12,000 Equipment, Net 35,000 Investments 8,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES $ 26,000 Total Long-Term Assets $ 83,000 NET ASSETS 119,000 TOTAL ASSETS $145,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS $145,000 Meals for the Homeless Balance Sheet

23. Liability Recognition • Liabilities are recognized when: • they are legally owed, • have to be paid, and • the amount to be paid can be measured objectively. • Which of the following should be recognized as a liability? • a bill received from a vendor? • wages that are due to a worker? • a $5 million lawsuit filed against an organization?

24. Net Asset Categories • In not-for-profit organizations, Net Worth is called "Net Assets" and is broken down into three categories. • Unrestricted Net Assets, which have not been restricted by donors • Temporarily Restricted Net Assets, the use of which has been • restricted by donors. • Permanently Restricted Net Assets, which are restricted in • perpetuity.

25. Balance Sheet with Net Asset Categories 0

26. Recording Financial Information • A financial event is one that affects the fundamental accounting equation by changing any of its components:Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets • A journal is a chronological listing of every financial event that occurs in an organization. • Every type of asset, liability, revenue, or expense is referred to as an account. Organizations may have as many accounts as they need.

27. A Sample Transaction • Suppose HOS buys inventory for $3,000. We could just add it to assets. But, that puts the Fundamental Equation out of balance. Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets +$3,000 = no change + no change • We have not "paid" for the supplies. Suppose the seller sent • HOS a bill. We would record the full transaction as: Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets Inventory Accounts Payable + $3,000 = + $3,000 + no change • To record a financial event,at least two elements of the fundamental equation must change!

28. A One-Sided Change Example • Not every financial event (transaction) results in changes to both sides of the fundamental equation. Suppose HOS paid for the inventory in cash. Then the transaction would have been recorded as follows:Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets Inventory Cash + $3,000 - $3,000 = no change + no change • The fundamental equation is still in balance. But, all of the changes occurred on the left side of the equation!

29. Recording Transactions • The first step in recording a transaction is determining what has happened and what accounts will be impacted. • Suppose near the end of the year, HOS buys a one-year insurance policy for $100 and pays for the policy in cash. Two things have happened: - Cash has gone down by $100. - HOS owns a new $100 asset called "prepaid insurance." • Here's the way the transaction would be recorded:Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets P/I Cash + $100 - $100 = no change + no change

30. Another Example • HOS mails a check to its bedpan supplier for $2,000 to pay part of the $7,000 it owed them at the start of the year. Two things have happened: - Cash has gone down by $2,000. - HOS's accounts payable have decreased by $2,000. • Here's the way the transaction would be recorded:Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets Cash = Accounts Payable - $2,000 = - $2,000 + no change

31. Collection Example • HOS receives $12,000 from customers. This was owed to HOS for care provided during the previous year. - Cash has gone up by $12,000. - HOS's accounts receivable have decreased by $12,000. • Here's the way the transaction would be recorded:Assets = Liabilities + Net Assets Cash Accounts Receivable + $12,000 - $12,000 = No change on right side.

32. Generating a Balance Sheet • Generating a balance sheet involves: - Beginning with the starting balance sheet, - Recording all of the transactions for the period, - Adding the impact of the transactions to the starting balance sheet, - Calculating the ending balances for all accounts

33. The Starting Balance Sheet

34. Transactions Work Sheet ASSETS LIABILITIES & NET ASSETS

35. The Ending Balance Sheet